The Architecture of El Tajin

The once-magnificent city of El Tajin, which flourished not far inland from Mexicos Gulf Coast from roughly 800-1200 A.D., features some truly spectacular architecture. The palaces, temples and ballcourts of the excavated city show impressive architectural details like cornices, inset glyphs and niches. The City of Storms After the fall of Teotihuacan around 650 A.D., El Tajin was one of several powerful city-states that arose in the ensuing vacuum of power. The city flourished from about 800 to 1200 A.D. At one time, the city covered 500 hectares and may have had as many as 30,000 inhabitants; its influence spread throughout Mexicos Gulf Coast region. Their chief God was Quetzalcoatl, whose worship was common in Mesoamerican lands at the time. After 1200 A.D., the city was abandoned and left to return to the jungle: only locals knew about it until a Spanish colonial official stumbled across it in 1785. For the past century, a series of excavation and preservation programs have taken place there, and it is an important site for tourists and historians alike. The City of El Tajin and its Architecture The word Tajà ­n refers to a spirit with great powers over the weather, especially in terms of rain, lightning, thunder and storms. El Tajà ­n was built in the lush, hilly lowlands not far from the Gulf Coast. It is spread out over a relatively spacious area, but hills and arroyos defined the city limits. Much of it may once have been built of wood or other perishable materials: these have been long since lost to the jungle. There are a number of temples and buildings in the Arroyo Group and old ceremonial center and palaces and administrative-type buildings in Tajà ­n Chico, located on a hill to the north of the rest of the city. To the northeast is the impressive Great Xicalcoliuhqui wall. None of the buildings is known to be hollow or to house a tomb of any sort. Most of the buildings and structures are made of a locally available sandstone. Some of the temples and pyramids are built over earlier structures. Many of the pyramids and temples are made of finely carved stone and f illed with packed earth. Architectural Influence and Innovations El Tajin is unique enough architecturally that it has its own style, often referred to as Classic Central Veracruz. Nevertheless, there are some obvious external influences on the architectural style at the site. The overall style of the pyramids at the site is referred to in Spanish as the talà ºd-tablero style (it basically translates as slope/walls). In other words, the overall slope of the pyramid is created by piling progressively smaller square or rectangular levels on top of another. These levels can be quite tall, and there is always a stairway to grant access to the top. This style came to El Tajà ­n from Teotihuacan, but the builders of El Tajin took it further. On many of the pyramids in the ceremonial center, the tiers of the pyramids are adorned with cornices which jut out into space on the sides and corners. This gives the buildings a striking, majestic silhouette. The builders of El Tajà ­n also added niches to the flat walls of the tiers, resulting in a richly textured, dramatic look not seen at Teotihuacan. El Tajin also shows influence from Classic era Maya cities. One notable similarity is the association of altitude with power: in El Tajà ­n, the ruling class built a palace complexes on hills adjacent to the ceremonial center. From this section of the city, known as Tajin Chico, the ruling class gazed down upon the homes of their subjects and the pyramids of the ceremonial district and the Arroyo Group. In addition, building 19 is a pyramid which features four stairways to the top, on in each cardinal direction. This is similar to el Castillo or the Temple of Kukulcan in Chichà ©n Itzà ¡, which likewise has four stairways.   Another innovation at El Tajà ­n was the idea of plaster ceilings. Most of the structures at the top of pyramids or on finely built bases were constructed of perishable materials such as wood, but there is some evidence in the Tajà ­n Chico area of the site that some of the ceilings may have been made of a heavy plaster. Even the ceiling at the Building of the Columns may have had an arched plaster ceiling, as archaeologists discovered large blocks of convex, polished blocks of plaster there. Ballcourts of El Tajn The ballgame was of paramount importance to the people of El Tajà ­n. No fewer than seventeen ballcourts have been found so far at El Tajà ­n, including several in and around the ceremonial center. The usual shape of a ball court was that of a double T: a long narrow area in the middle with an open space at either end. At El Tajà ­n, buildings and pyramids were often constructed in such a way that they would naturally create courts between them. For example, one of the ballcourts in the ceremonial center is defined on either side by Buildings 13 and 14, which were designed for spectators. The south end of the ballcourt, however, is defined by Building 16, an early version of the Pyramid of the Niches. One of the most striking structures at El Tajin is the South Ballcourt. This was obviously the most important one, as it is decorated with six marvelous panels carved in bas-relief. These show scenes from the ceremonious ballgames including human sacrifice, which often was the result of one of the games. The Niches of El Tajin The most remarkable innovation of El Tajà ­ns architects was the niches so common at the site. From the rudimentary ones at Building 16 to the magnificence of the Pyramid of the Niches, the sites best-known structure, niches are everywhere at El Tajà ­n. The niches of El Tajà ­n are small recesses set into the exterior walls of the tiers of several pyramids on the site. Some of the niches in Tajà ­n Chico have a spiral-like design in them: this was one of the symbols of Quetzalcoatl. The best example of the importance of the Niches at El Tajin is the impressive Pyramid of the Niches. The pyramid, which sits on a square base, has exactly 365 deep-set, well-designed niches, suggesting that it was a place where the sun was worshiped. It was once dramatically painted to heighten the contrast between the shady, recessed niches and the faces of the tiers; the interior of the niches was painted black, and the surrounding walls red. On the stairway, there were once six platform-altars (only five remain). Each of these altars features three small niches: this adds up to eighteen niches, possibly representing the Mesoamerican solar calendar, which had eighteen months. Importance of Architecture at El Tajin The architects of El Tajin were very skilled, using advances such as cornices, niches, cement and plaster to make their buildings, which were brightly, dramatically painted to great effect. Their skill is also evident in the simple fact that so many of their buildings have survived to the present day, although the archaeologists who restored the magnificent palaces and temples surely helped. Unfortunately for those who study the City of Storms, relatively few records remain of the people who lived there. There are no books and no direct accounts by anyone who ever had direct contact with them. Unlike the Maya, who were fond of carving glyphs with names, dates and information into their stone artwork, the artists of El Tajin rarely did so. This lack of information makes the architecture that much more important: it is the best source of information about this lost culture. Sources: Coe, Andrew. . Emeryville, CA: Avalon Travel Publishing, 2001. Ladrà ³n de Guevara, Sara. El Tajin: La Urbe que Representa al Orbe. Mexico: Fondo de Cultura Economica, 2010. Solà ­s, Felipe. El Tajà ­n. Mà ©xico: Editorial Mà ©xico Desconocido, 2003. Wilkerson, Jeffrey K. Eighty Centuries of Veracruz. National Geographic 158, No. 2 (August 1980), 203-232. Zaleta, Leonardo. Tajà ­n: Misterio y Belleza. Pozo Rico: Leonardo Zaleta 1979 (2011).

A Plan for Positive Influence on Team Behavior - 1147 Words

A Plan for Positive Influence on Team Behavior The success of a business is contingent on how efficiently the business operates; whereas, the efficiency of the business’s operations depends on the personalities and attitudes of its employees. The personalities and attitudes of an employee can be affected by a number of variables, e.g., the values and vision of the company in which they work. According to Amos and Weathington (2008) â€Å"The concept of P-O fit is important to organizations because it suggests that if people fit well with an organization, they are likely to exhibit more positive attitudes and behaviors.† (P-O) means Person-Organization, which suggests that employees favor a work environment that has attributes associated with†¦show more content†¦70) Individuals with an interactive behavioral style are friendly and outgoing, and excel when accepted and recognized for his or her accomplishments. Individuals with a steadiness behavioral style are slow paced, receptive to others, good listeners, compassionate, and dedicated employees. These types of individuals are balanced, and require concrete information and data. Individuals with a cautious behavioral style are methodical in his or her problem-solving techniques. These individuals prefer to analyze information, and aim for perfection when achieving an objective (Alessandra, n.d.). Using the information from the six assessments can help provide a solid foundation for creating a plan for positive influence. Knowing the values and behaviors of each team member can greatly enhance a team’s capabilities; therefore, enabling the manager, and the team to work effectively together. For example is if employee (A),(B), and (C) were on a team that worked within a business unit for a major oil company. The team’s objective was to locate a new oil well, calculate projected costs for the project, and create a presentation explaining the results. Employee (A) had low job involvement, employee (B) exhibited a steadiness behavior style, and employee (C) had low emotional intelligence. After observing employee (A)’s assessment, management could develop a plan that involves participative management (Robbins Judge, 2007). Management can includeShow MoreRelatedLearning Environment Reflection1466 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation regarding the positive disci pline and behavior management approaches required in any school to achieve a safe and supportive learning environment. This reflection discusses why a principal should maintain a safe and supportive environment and how a school-wide discipline and behavior management influences what happens at the individual classroom level. 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Social Work Volunteering

Question: Discuss about theSocial Workfor Volunteering. Answer: Introduction Volunteers change peoples lives by helping them to self-help. Volunteering refers to development of social skills while giving back to community selflessly. This work is similar to what most social workers do in their profession. However, for social workers it is a paid job and volunteering is the part of their profession. Therefore, many people misconstrue social workers as volunteers. On the other hand volunteering is to gain experience while benefitting others without any monetary benefits (Son Wilson, 2015). There are various benefits associated with volunteering. Social workers engage in volunteering to excel in professional life. The paper discusses how social workers can be misconstrued as volunteers and will propose ways to enhance social work as a profession. How Social Workers can be Misconstrued as Volunteers People do not understand the historic relationship between social work and volunteerism. Even before social work was introduced in the society, the importance of volunteerism was realized (Aked, 2015). For functioning democracy, it was vital to have liberty to participate in volunteer movements. The development of volunteer associations and its prosperity has allowed people to survive and have the right to survival. These volunteer associations led to the improvement in the transportation, communication, infrastructure, health care and education (Schech et al., 2015). In addition, it also advocated for fair treatment of women and children. For example, Mother Teresas work for children will be recognized in every generation. Son and Wilson (2015) believed that volunteering is an effective option to gain meaningful hands-on experience in the field of social work which is the profession of people. It gives the students a chance to prepare for a real world work. For current social worker s volunteering is an efficient opportunity to reinforce their experience. Hence there are more number of social workers who are participating in the volunteering work. Therefore, it is justified for people to misconstrue social workers as volunteers. Volunteerism is the basis of existence of the social work professionals (Pollard, 2012). Activities or initiatives taken by the social workers are successful because of volunteerism. Since, volunteers established restoration services, supportive associations, child welfare organizations, childrens homes day care and several mental health services and movements it is justified to misinterpret social workers and volunteers. In short it can be said that volunteerism is the origin of social work (Mundle Buck, 2012). In every discipline of practice, the volunteers have paved the way for social work. The rich literature available on social welfare and social care services acknowledged volunteerism as the basis of the social work profession. Further, the function of volunteers and its connection with the surfacing of the career of the social work is evident from the associations such as- SHINE Singapore Charity Project, Singapore Kindness movement. Volunteers work for people who are strugg ling with crisis or manic-depressive illness, adults, children animal, and others staying remotely from home. They thus gain insights into peoples lives similar to social workers. However, volunteers work in range of places when compared to social workers. The later has limited range of opportunities. Volunteers has opportunities in sport teams, libraries, senior centre, community theatres, local animal shelters, wildlife centers, museums, monuments, service organizations such as Rotary clubs, or Lions clubs, after school programs, places of worships, historical restorations. Moreover, the volunteers do not have specified time for their work. They can work as long as they feel comfortable (Pollard, 2012). On the other hand, social workers have specified working hours such as those working in aged care centers or rehabilitation centers. Moreover, they cannot switch their domain or jobs as frequently as volunteers can. Volunteers can always render the service delivered by a social worker however; the later cannot invest time as volunteer. Social workers mostly deliver systematic and professional services. On the other hand, volunteers provide a hidden safety net (Mundle et al., 2012). Hence, public who are not aware of these differences misconstrue social workers as volunteers. According to Son and Wilson, (2015) in a typical social worker the power dynamic inherent are not so prominent. The relationship they built with the service users are not strong enough. Aked (2015), argued that the volunteering is the effective way to enable better personal relationships with the service users. For instance, there are social workers who act as befriender for a childrens charity group and have gained priceless transferable skills. It was not merely interacting with children. It also includes issues around confidentiality, regular communication and engagement with the families and using different communication styles in regards to different developmental stage and the age of the child (Schech et al., 2015). To hone these skills there is a need for social worker to participate in volunteering. Therefore, social workers were misconstrued as volunteers. Singapore has many charity organizations and these mainly initiate volunteer movement however, it has become important precursor to the social work. The mission of many of these charity movements is to help poor people. These movements consist of volunteers who help families help in meeting their spiritual, economic and physical needs (Gazley et al., 2013). The study executed by Dubois and Miley (2013) showed that volunteering is the rewarding experience and also helps in building reputation of the young and nave social workers. Since volunteering is the effective way to meet new people and understand their lived experiences, many social workers invest time in volunteering to develop new skills to solve their daily problem (Freeman, 2016). According to Muir et al., (2010) several social workers are participating in volunteering despite their commitments to people and busy schedule. The reason for this added benefits of volunteering include reducing stress, anxiety, mental stimulation , combat depression, and to have a sense of purpose in life. They can also advance in career as they tend to develop skills such as problem solving, task management, conflict management, project planning and organization. Therefore, social worker can stretch their wings to other career or domain once they hone these skills in volunteering (Bulmer 2015). In addition, volunteering does not involve a long-term commitment. American research showed that the percentage of being happy increases with time spent in volunteering (Glasby et al., 2013). The research also showed that people working as volunteer tend to be physically healthy and exhibit high self-confidence. Therefore, there are misconstrued as volunteers. It is a misconception that volunteering only enhances a basic skill because it is mostly unpaid. Volunteering also includes extensive training (Whittaker Holland-Smith, 2016). For example, one can become crisis counselor while he or she is volunteering for a woman who is a victim of domestic violence. Many such volunteers have turned to social working after mastering the skills of communication and advocating. Social workers who have previously worked as volunteers are creative, motivated, and have a clear vision that is carried into their personal and professional life (Haynes, 2012). Hence, social workers working as crisis counselors are also misinterpreted as volunteers. Propose Ways to Enhance Social Work as a Profession In Social work, Jane Adams was recognized as one of the matriarchs of the profession (Thyer Myers, 2010). Currently, the practice of social work is different from what she has envisioned before. Social workers work in diverse setting such as hospitals, drug and alcohol treatment centers, hospices, mental health centers. Therefore, the work practice has narrowed. In the last three to four decades, it was found that most of the practitioners in the social workers do not engage in partnership with people using their skills, values, knowledge to address the systemic social problems of the people (Gazley et al., 2013). In fact, methods that involve working with volunteers do not exist anymore. Therefore, less people are working towards the stated mission Meeting the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty (Haynes, 2012). It is possible to enhance social work as profession by sev eral ways, which are discussed in subsequent sections. According to Dubois and Miley, (2013) increasing the number of posts in the field of social work other than regulation and advocacy can encourage more people to uptake social work as profession. In addition increasing the number of colleges offering both bachelor and master degree in social work would fulfill the ambition of students interested in social work. These programs must be able to train the students to improve the developmental capabilities of people. They must be trained to improve the problem solving skills, realize goals and accomplish essential life tasks. Haynes et al., (2012) argued that the true definition of the social work has to be amplified at the national and the regional levels. The true definition of social work is- a practicebased profession that promotes social change and development, social cohesion, and the empowerment and liberation of the people (Cournoyer, 2016). Most educational institutes fail to instill in the mind of the students of social work that their primary sense of duty should be attitude of service. Professional networking helps to strengthen social work career (Gazley et al., 2013). It includes attending face-to-face events such as conferences, responding to social work issues post on social media, connecting to LinkedIn official group, and being in touch with the social work happenings on the popular YouTube Channel. To secure the future of the social work it is crucial to advocate for social work (Cournoyer, 2016). Therefore, the non-governmental organizations must promote their social work and the clients and communities they serve. Every country must take initiative a collaborative effort comprised of leading social work organizations. The initiative may include other stakeholders committed to strengthen social work profession through federal and state investment pertaining to retention, training and recruitment (Huybrechts, Mertens Rijpens, 2014). Schech et al., (2015) suggested that the volunteering is an effective way to enhance social work a profession. Social work agencies must provide more opportunities for its staff to volunteer. Volunteering not only expands the social work network but also enhance skills. Volunteering can also be gateway to connect with popular service organizations such as American Red Cross, The Samaritans Purse and many others. These organizations are dependent on the volunteers to run their food banks, staff thrift stores, tutor children or prepare meals for homeless. Moreover, these organizations have several networking possibilities. Hence, volunteering is vital to enhance the profession of social work. Social workers face several challenges when dealing with diverse populations and trying to keep up with evidence based methods which leads to job burnout and fatigue (Thomas and Choi, 2014). Therefore, the proposed method for the service organizations is to emphasize on forward thinking and interdisciplinary approach to social work practice. It is necessary to omit the thinking social work means individual clinician working with individual client (Cournoyer, 2016). There is need of applying out-of-the box tactics to interface with the clients and systems. The rationale for this proposed method is the many other forms of practice that is incorporated in social work. It is not an exclusive discipline. Hence, the field can be taken forward if people can transform how present social work practice is viewed and conducted. Conclusion Social work involves tremendous responsibility. The practioners in this field have power over the well-being and lives of others. Volunteerism is the basis of this profession and hence social workers are misconstrued as volunteers. The paper has discussed how social workers are misconstrued as volunteers and various reasons for this behavior. The paper has proposed ways by which social work can be enhanced as profession. It can be concluded from the above discussion that social work requires the practioner to have broad knowledge on wide range of human behavioral areas. To enhance social work as profession an individual need to understand the interaction between various social, cultural and economic elements. It requires the practioners to have a high degree of ethical integrity. It is evident from the discussion that there is a need to redefine the practice of social work in order to respond to new challenges emerging in the profession. References Aked, J. (2015). What's Different about How Volunteers Work? Relationship Building for Wellbeing and Change.IDS Bulletin,46(5), 29-42. Bulmer, M. (2015).The Social Basis of Community Care (Routledge Revivals). Routledge. Cournoyer, B. R. (2016).The social work skills workbook. Cengage Learning. Dubois, B. L., Miley, K. K. (2013).Social work: An empowering profession. Pearson Higher Ed. Freeman, K. R. (2016). Exploring the Lived Experiences of Supervising Child Protection Social Workers. Gazley, B., Bennett, T. A., Littlepage, L. (2013). Achieving the partnership principle in experiential learning: The nonprofit perspective.Journal of Public Affairs Education, 559-579. Gazley, B., Bennett, T. A., Littlepage, L. (2013). Achieving the partnership principle in experiential learning: The nonprofit perspective.Journal of Public Affairs Education, 559-579. Glasby, J., Miller, R., Lynch, J. (2013). Turning the welfare state upside down?Developing a new adult social care offer.Health Services Management. Haynes, K. S. (2012). Empowering and.The SAGE Handbook of Social Work, 264. Huybrechts, B., Mertens, S., Rijpens, J. (2014). Explaining stakeholder involvement in social enterprise governance through resources and legitimacy.Social Enterprise and the Third Sector: Changing European Landscapes in a Comparative Perspective. New York: Routledge, 157-175. Muir, K., Fisher, K. R., Abello, D., Dadich, A. (2010). I didn't like just sittinaround all day: Facilitating Social and Community Participation Among People with Mental Illness and High Levels of Psychiatric Disability.Journal of Social Policy,39(03), 375-391. Mundle, C., Naylor, C., Buck, D. (2012). Volunteering in health and care in England.A summary of key literature. London: The King's Fund. Pollard, N. (2012). Voices talk, hands write.Groupwork,17(2), 51-73. Schech, S., Mundkur, A., Skelton, T., Kothari, U. (2015). New spaces of development partnership: Rethinking international volunteering.Progress in Development Studies,15(4), 358-370. Son, J., Wilson, J. (2015, December). The Psycho?Social Processes Linking Income and Volunteering: Chronic Financial Strain and Well?Being. InSociological Forum(Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 1059-1081). Thomas, M., Kohli, V., Choi, J. (2014). Correlates of job burnout among human services workers: Implications for workforce retention.J. Soc. Soc. Welfare,41, 69. Thyer, B. A., Myers, L. L. (2010). Behavioral theory is one of the oldest and most extensive theories applied to clinical social work. Almost 80 years ago, the distinguished social work educator Virginia Robinson (1930) provided the following observations in this regard.Theory Practice in Clinical Social Work, 21. Whittaker, C. G., Holland-Smith, D. (2016). Exposing the dark side, an exploration of the influence social capital has upon parental sports volunteers.Sport, education and society,21(3), 356-373.

Cultures of Criticism and Accountability in Discussions

Question: Discuss about the Cultures of Criticism and Accountability in Discussions. Answer: Introduction: To understand the role of media in reformation, it is important to understand how it is planning to build up the political viewpoint. They generate viewpoints, anxiety, perceptions, aspirations and strategies for supporting particular policies and practices. The politicians and the religious leaders have stated that there is a causal link between the violence shown in the film, computer games, TV programs and the actions in real life. It is often argued that those particular media content states a terrific negativity on the young and innocent audience. Such beliefs have resulted in an increased state control over the worldwide media. One of the most constant arguments is concerned about the extent to which mass media can be responsible for causing anti social or criminal behavior. It is a matter of concern that to what extent media is responsible for bringing a negative effect on the viewers and audiences. The two prime sources of mass society theory and behaviorism have resulted in the phenomenon of effects research (Anderson and Carnagey 2014). Effects research is often called as hypodermic syringe model as the relationship between the audience and the media is considered as an unrefined and mechanistic process. With this process the media evoke information, values and ideas directly to the audience which further produces instant and immediate response directly from them. The book Ill effects: The media violence debate by M Barker and J Petley claimed that the possible effects of cruel media are true and they vary from a daft to the mischievous. The reason to be considered behind this is the claims that are being used inconsistently are wrong. The cause behind these inappropriate questions is due to the fact that violence does not exist in reality to pose a harmful effect on the media. Violence exists in the form of music, color and so on to develop the effects of violence. There have been old claims about new and bad media images and these are so common that they are always a debatable issue. But these claims are unjustified as they lack any kind of evidence or logic. On the other hand, it is a raising question that how the media influence can be understood. In the report given by Elizabeth Newson, the principle that what is experienced vicariously will have some effect on some people is an established one, and is the reason why industry finds it wor thwhile to spend millions of pounds in advertising, is a common and consistent sentence found in various words. If it is assumed that TV or film or other media have some influence on the life of the people then it is that kind of influence that they want to attribute. For instance, a man took a gun and shot his entire family after getting influenced from the news. When he was taken for trial he casually explained that on the basis of bad world news no one has any point to live. In this example the blame cannot be totally given on the effect of the media. This is because there is a probability that he was depressed and upset because of a family problem which let him murder his family. It can be said that the man in this case was unusual and the news cannot be blamed completely (Svensson 2016). This is not an example of anti- media campaign because the media or news cannot be considered as causes. Andy Ruddock contradicted in his book understanding audiences by mentioning about cultivation analysis which is evolved from the debate on media violence. The question that is frequently asked in this respect is that why television was so violent and what were its impact on the viewers and their behavior towards society. To analyze this question the author had to go beyond content analysis for creating a cultural indicators project. This project took care of the institutional research, scrutinizing the broadcasting structures, analysis of message system and cultivation analysis. The findings explained that the violence shown in television carried the message of social structure with it (Barker and Petley 2002). But the intention is not to provide violence among the audience but to fill the programs with a melodramatic representation. It was revealed in the survey that a major chunk of television viewers overrate the amount of violence in reality with that of their own chances of bein g a victim. The critical treatment of cultivation analysis made it possible to have a focused view on the claim that is made by Gerbner that TV has a distinguished and recognizable effect. But there can be questions and issues that need to be addressed in this respect. Research has shown that there is a relation between the effects of cultivation and the development of media literacy. It can be suggested that the cultivation effects can be created with the tendency to puzzle the information gathered from the TV shows and those that are shown in the news. Lawrence Lessig explained that there are many ways to think about constitutional laws and limits that might be imposed on government regulations (Ferguson and Beresin 2017). Copyright law, defamation law and obscenity laws are continuously threatening the permit for the violation of legal rights. There are policies and norms which can regulate market behavior. The constraints related to these laws are not found easily and they can be changed in different ways. The real difference and similarities between code and law cannot be missed. The fact that can be considered here is market mechanism which helps in observing the regulation behind law. It is also observed by the author of the book, code and other laws of cyberspace, that the government uses a range of tools to evaluate. Thus, the government can attain regulatory ends by the regulation of code writing. This can often take place without experiencing any kind of political consequences that would have been occurred otherwise. But the rule that makes regulation easy is a strict matter of concern (Ferguson 2015). It is often argued that the power of government has a vulnerable sense of value that can enhance efficient regulation. In his book the cultural industries, David Hesmondhalgh has critically put forward that the governments intervene in all areas of commercial life. There is no existence of free market in todays modern and complicated society. But it is appropriate to be inspired by those who believe in the concept of market in the ideal situation. This can be regarded as the best way to issue resources and address human needs. The three areas of legislate, regulate and subsidise are known as policy. These policies of culture, along with the media literacy and communication help in providing knowledge about cultural industries and the changes that have taken place in the previous years. The key elements in the book focus on the consequences of cultural industries since 1980 that had taken place in broadcasting and telecommunication sector (Gentile 2014). In the early 20th century, most places had used telecommunications which was available to the entire population of the area. To be influenced by the actions of the media hence, is not something new. Most of the democratic liberal states had had the role and responsibility to organize telecommunications that passed the authorities in charge of the postal system. Radio was also developed to form one- to- one communication, similar to the kind of telephone or a telegram using the airwave instead of broadcasting. The power of radio as a broadcasting technology became apparent socially as well as commercially and politically. The reason behind the high intervention of the government in the broadcasting and telecommunications were breaking down under the terrible attacks of 1980s and 1990s specifically due to private business from the critics and policy makers who were responsible for supporting their wellbeing (Hesmondhalgh 2007). There are many variations in the public service system but the most important one being funding of television system and the public service channels that are included in it. The other variation is state control of public service broadcasters in some open-minded independent countries such as Greece and France. With the improvement in marketisation the public service broadcasting is pulled apart on the basis of the effort put to arrange the cultural industries. The pro- market union was operated through lobbying and Public Relations along with the policy makers, critics and opinion leaders of the media. One of the important consequences of telecommunication marketisation took place in juxtaposition with a long term effect in broadcasting and the changes that took place in the IT industry. Thus it can be said that the media had actively influenced the society from a long time in the post colonization era and is still continuing to do so which are evident from the given sources (Lessig 2 009). The media reader by John Thompson throws light on the significance of the term communication media. The relevance of this term in this assignment is beyond explanation as the topic is based on the effect of media on the behavior of people. But the term mass is sometimes misinterpreted as in it evokes an image of a large gathering constituting millions of individuals. This can be considered as an appropriate icon of for the media products such as film, TV programs and newspapers. So it can be said that the term mass should not be used in a narrow way. The originality of mass communication lies in the availability of the products to plurality rather than a large number of people are receiving the products. Also mass culture and mass society was considered to have an adverse impact on the society by creating a homogenous culture which entertained the individuals without involving their critical faculties (Mackay and O'Sullivan 1999). The innovation and development in the new media of communication and transport had affected the means by which the individuals experience spatial and sequential characteristics of the social life. Before the media industry was developed many people had the knowledge of time and distance only through symbols. Thus, it can be said that the media had not only affected the society in a bad way but also in a good way. The communication media has given rise to the development of mediated historicity. Verbal interaction and personal communication are considered to have molded the society in recognizing the past which grabs the symbolic attention from the media industry products (Ruddock 2000). The evidence gathered from the books as well as other sources have affirmed that there has always been a controversy on how the media has a negative impact on the society in the form of inflicting violence and changing the opinion of the people. The accusation has varied from a simple claim to a major panic sometimes. The discussion throughout this assignment is a proof of why media has always this reaction from the society. The readings have referred to the debate as whether the media has influenced the public to behave in an aggressive way and change their thinking or the people are only responsible for their difference in behavior. The social impact of the risks associated with the debate of media violence can cause panic and nervousness among the public. The social implication of the risk in relation to the society and the moral panic that is created out of media violence is a debatable issue. It can be said that it is not always the case of media violence but the organization ca n also cause panic in the society. The instances of media violence vary from the childrens cartoons to the horror films of the adults which pose a negative impact not only on the individuals but also on the society. The individuals which are affected by the media have a tendency to imitate the scenes and action that they have experienced on the screen. Video games can also be regarded in this respect as the children are getting affected by its activities. Reference Anderson, C.A. and Carnagey, N.L., 2014. The role of theory in the study of media violence: The General Aggression Model.Media violence and children,, pp.103-133. Barker, M. and Petley, J. eds., 2002.Ill effects: The media violence debate. Routledge. Ferguson, C.J. and Beresin, E., 2017. Social science's curious war with pop culture and how it was lost: the media violence debate and the risks it holds for social science.Preventive Medicine. Ferguson, C.J., 2015. Does media violence predict societal violence? It depends on what you look at and when.Journal of Communication,65(1). Gentile, D.A., 2014. Why dont media violence effects look the same on everyone?: Developmental approaches to understanding media effects.Media violence and children: A complete guide for parents and professionals, pp.45-69. Hesmondhalgh, D., 2007. The cultural industries. Lessig, L., 2009.Code: And other laws of cyberspace. ReadHowYouWant. com. Mackay, H. and O'Sullivan, T. eds., 1999.The media reader: continuity and transformation. Sage. Ruddock, A., 2000.Understanding audiences: Theory and method. Sage. Svensson, G., 2016. Blaming the media. Cultures of criticism and accountability in discussions over refugees, immigration and integration. InECREA conference, Panel The Mediation of Refugeedom. Europes refugee crisis through different lenses, 9-12 November 2016, Prague, Czech Republic..+