Ethics and Social Responsibility in International Business

Morals and Social Responsibility in International Business The significance of morals in the worldwide business condition should be over accentuated. These days, the requirement for perfect moral conduct inside associations is fundamental if associations are to stay away from expected claims and different vulnerabilities in their tasks as new business patterns rise regularly making issues associations and end users.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Ethics and Social Responsibility in International Business explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Public outrages of corporate misbehavior and acts of neglect, which and have even asserted demise of numerous associations, have significantly affected the open view of numerous global associations. Take these examples are enormous associations, for example, Enron, Arthur Andersen and WorldCom among others. The ongoing extension of worldwide business just as decay of exchange hindrances has required the world over to additionally support the enthusiasm for the subjects of moral conduct and social duty. On this, human rights and natural preservation are getting more acknowledgment as time passes in both scholastic just as business circles. As worldwide associations grow all around and build up activities in remote markets, moral direct of their officials and workers acquire significance since the social assorted variety that typically go with such development may bargain the much shared social and moral qualities noticeable in the more homogeneous associations (Morf, Duffy, et al. 1999 ). Albeit comprehension of different societies and affirmation of contrasts among them will improve the multifaceted correspondence, it may not be sufficient to offer perfect structures of legitimate moral conduct in associations. In the scholastic circles, the way of life based importance model is created to clarify in addition to other things, how social contrasts impact the moral recognitions just as activities of people occupied with settling on choi ces with moral suggestions. Multinationals need to grapple with the legitimate and good environment in which they work. Or more all, they have to build up a situation that cultivates moral conduct, in light of the fact that in the last investigation to do in any case eats into their productivity. Rather than this assessment, a few researchers propelled the hypothesis of Virtuous Ethics, which is characterized as a hypothesis that centers chiefly around a people moral character. As indicated by these researchers, promoting scientists append little significance to idealistic morals. Moreover, they recommend that without thinking about idealistic morals, a detailed examination of the moral character of promoting leaders and their techniques can't be attained.Advertising Looking for research paper on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Strategies, for example, the codes of morals speak to one methods for ac complishing a definitive objective of having moral global obligation of business around the world. There are various moral duties looked by global associations. Along these lines, similarly as one can esteem an individual’s culture by their activities and individual exercises, moral atmosphere can be seen for a bigger scope; for this situation, the association. Here, moral atmosphere is the employee’s impression of the standards of an association (Bartels et al., 1998). Associations that have a vigorous moral atmosphere experience hardly any genuine moral issues and are increasingly effective in adapting to such issues. Their examination recommends that it is essential for supervisors to consider creating solid moral atmospheres so as to outfit authoritative individuals with the capacity to manage moral quandaries. They need to manage the turn of events and support of clear and strong arrangement of standards to advance great moral conduct. As Laczniak, et al (2007) ha s called attention to an organization’s codes of morals and implementation of rules goes far in controlling the immediate conduct of social elements. In light of the above examination, multinationals must recognize the requirement for a homogenous code of business morals. Without such a code, the direct of players in this field will be erratic. Moreover, national governments need to realize that the best method of shielding their residents, their national advantages, and that of the worldwide condition against the fancies of the worldwide business rely upon the turn of events, reception and requirement of such a code. In any case, a flood of force has been seen the world over inferable from expanding interest and consciousness of the gatherings concerned. Numerous global organizations, for example, Toyota, Siemens, General Mills and Johnson among others have composed rules that intricately and expressly detail how workers are relied upon to treat providers, clients, contender s, just as different gatherings. There are those that have defined conventional codes of morals composed articulations about the qualities and moral norms that manage the institutions’ operationsAdvertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on Ethics and Social Responsibility in International Business explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some worldwide organizations manage moral issues proactively, by giving their representatives preparing on the most proficient method to deal with moral issues. At Boeing, for example, line administrators are liable for regulating instructional meetings for different workers, and the organization additionally has a morals panel that answers legitimately to the governing body. The instructional courses involve conversations of different moral issues that workers may face and how best to deal with them. Authoritative practices just as corporate culture additionally have an effect on the administration of moral co nduct. In the event that pioneers in a firm act in a moral way and infringement of moral guidelines are instantly and obviously tended to, at that point everybody in the association will perceive that the firm anticipates that them should act in a moral way. In the event that pioneers have all the earmarks of being over the set moral gauges or either trivialize or overlook untrustworthy practices, at that point an inappropriate message is sent to the workers. References Bartels L.K. et al. (1998). The Relationship between Ethical Climate and Ethical Problems inside Human Resource Management†, Journal of Business Ethics Vol. 17, 799-804. Laczniak, G. R. also, Inderrieden J. (2007). The Influence of Stated Organizational Concern upon Ethical Decision Making, Journal of Business Ethics. Vol 6, 297-307. Morf, Duffy An., et al. (1999). A Survey of Ethics Officers in Large Organizations, Journal of Business Ethics. Vol 20, 265-271

Membership and retention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Participation and maintenance - Essay Example The examination uncovered that there is a dissimilarity between information about essential rights under these association based laws and that most workers don't comprehend their legitimate rights or their privileges on end and excusal (Omar, Chan and Joned, 2009). At businesses in which organization enrollment is now present, this could have a lot to do with why associations are removed and why organization enrollment keeps on declining. So as to fortify organization enrollment, in-house writing ought to be delivered by association administration that characterizes these rights, in a language that is effortlessly comprehended by a wide assortment of taught and non-instructed socioeconomics. By giving this data, those presently in associations would see how the association really speaks to their inclinations and be less able to request association exit from the modern condition. â€Å"Once unionization happens, the union’s capacity to encourage duty from individuals and to stay as their haggling specialist relies upon how well the association prevails with regards to offering types of assistance that its individuals want† (Mathis and Jackson, 2005, p.544). It is likewise conceivable to improve organization enrollment by reviewing the present aggregate dealing delegates that handle arrangements for workers. The unpredictable elements of aggregate haggling requires people with mental information, the board preparing, legitimate comprehension, and compromise aptitudes. In the event that the association isn't being spoken to by equipped and qualified people, the employees’ needs will probably not be tended to capability and thusly organization enrollment will decay because of haggling insufficiency. These reviews can be directed by the associations themselves, the corporate supervisory crews, representative evaluation groups, or even paid free inspecting contactors having some expertise in association information and dealing standards. By representing that there is an estimation framework set up to check competency, and advancing these endeavors adequately, progressively organization enrollment

How UPS Delivers Objective Performance Appraisals Essay

Official Summary: In the investigation beneath you will find out about UPS and how they convey target execution examinations. You will increase a comprehension of how the execution of PDAs has normalized their assessment procedure. It will additionally clarify why UPS isn't a people-focused organization, how they consolidate the basic occurrences examination method, the lawfully solidness of their assessment program, how they don’t cross the slim line among management and â€Å"snoopervision† and what they can do to improve their driver assessment program. Foundation: For the United Parcel Service (UPS) deciding whether objectivity is precisely being utilized during a survey is a troublesome procedure yet a significant one. The execution of individual advanced partners (PDAs) has guaranteed the utilization of objectivity by normalizing the assessment procedure through programming. During audits chiefs direct ride-alongs with their representatives to guarantee strategies and arrangements are being followed. Before the presentation of companywide agendas through the PDAs there was no chance to get of knowing whether each worker was getting a similar assessment and being assessed on a similar scale. PDAs have enabled managers to remain reached to things, for example, email while rapidly distinguishing preparing needs and permitting access to preparing assets. UPS has seen the upsides of PDAs and will keep on placing more in the field as they guarantee objectivity and give a strong structure to worker assessments. Examination: As per (Kreitner and Cassidy, 2008) on page 273 Jeffrey Pfeffer found an association between individuals focused practices, higher benefits, and lower representative turnover. He likewise distinguished seven individuals focused practices three of which legitimately identify with this case. The main practice is representative strengthening through decentralization and self-guided groups. Decentralization as indicated by (Kreitner and Cassidy, 2008)on page 254 is â€Å"management’s sharing of dynamic authority with lower-level employees.† For this situation UPS has concluded that chiefs rather than upperâ management, for example, HR would lead ride-alongs to assess how well their representatives are performing and following methodology. The subsequent practice is sharing of key data. With the execution of PDAs directors are constantly associated with email and other significant assets. The PDAs have made the assessment procedure progressively uniform all through the organization and enable directors to rapidly move data when they return to the workplace. The third practice is extensive preparing. Chiefs can utilize the PDAs in the field to walk workers through applied techniques and distinguish preparing needs. Albeit three of the seven individuals focused practices identify with this case as per Pfeffer the seven practices are a coordinated bundle that ought not be actualized piecemeal and hence he would not call UPS a people-focused organization. As indicated by (Kreitner and Cassidy, 2008) on page 280 execution examination is â€Å"evaluating work execution as a reason for faculty decisions.† Based on the data for the situation UPS is utilizing the basic occurrences strategy. The basic occurrences procedure referenced in (Kreitner and Cassidy, 2008) on page 281 states, â€Å"Specific occasions of sub-par and unrivaled execution are archived by the chief when they occur.† By directing ride-alongs with the representatives managers are in an ideal circumstance to satisfy the prerequisites of this method. The PDAs with the agendas which are the equivalent and utilized by everybody all through the organization guarantee representatives are being assessed on similar techniques and arrangements and that bosses are utilizing a similar assessment scale when deciding occupation execution. To dodge legitimate activity while assessing an employee’s execution as indicated by (Kreitner and Cassidy, 2008) on page 280 managers need to put together their evaluation frameworks with respect to the accompanying four measures, work examination, conduct arranged, explicit composed directions, and explored results. UPS with the usage of PDAs has obviously fulfille d these prerequisites. Preloaded programming has transformed the assessment procedure into a standard technique while distinguishing and delineating the particular errands and aptitudes required for a representative to be fruitful. A progression of agendas portraying in detail the employee’s obligations enable chiefs to unbiasedly rate singular execution regardless of who is giving the assessment or where it is occurring. During an assessment if a worker isn't following strategies bosses can show them in theâ field the best possible way it should be finished. After the assessment the administrator has everything expected to give direct input and proposals to the representative so they have an away from of how they are getting along and how execution can be improved. Snoopervision is an administration style including spying and nosy practices. In view of this definition UPS doesn't cross the dainty line among oversight and snoopervision. Ride-alongs by chiefs are normal practice and the best pointer of an employee’s execution. The usage of PDAs have basically given the representative a reasonable possibility at getting a legitimate assessment dependent on how they preform by normalizing the assessment procedure companywide. For most representatives in the U.S. a developing worry of their manager investigating their shoulder and abusing their entitlement to security is turning out to be increasi ngly more clear as innovation advances. On account of UPS this shouldn’t be a worry on the grounds that the usage of innovation isn't being utilized to spy or to actualize meddlesome practices yet to appropriately prepare and guard representatives while preforming their activity. In the wake of perusing the case I think the usage of the PDAs have incredibly improved the driver assessment program. PDAs offer a companywide normalized assessment process with simple access to data required to appropriately assess, train, and offer criticism to workers. Pushing ahead a concentrated exertion by upper administration should be put on ensuring the representatives are holding and moving data gave to them during the assessment procedure to the activity. They ought to likewise get input from their workers on how they saw the assessment program, in the event that they picked up the information and aptitudes proposed, and if any upgrades are being made. Actualizing post-assessment overviews and tests would fill in as brisk and si mple markers for administrators if workers are really learning and understanding the data they are accepting through the assessment program. Bits of knowledge/ Proposals: Looking into this case has given me a superior comprehension of how significant the seven individuals focused practices are to an association and why just 12 percent of associations are as of now considered individuals focused. It has made me fully aware of the exhibition examination procedure and how significant it is for businesses to guarantee lawful solidness of their evaluations. Acquiringâ knowledge and data from representatives is the way to appropriately increasing a comprehension of how well an assessment procedure is functioning and if any progressions should be made. Pushing ahead UPS essentially needs to keep actualizing strategies and approaches that guarantee the utilization of objectivity during worker assessments. Administrators need to completely comprehend these methodology and arrangements and ensure they keep on assessing dependent on the rules recorded in the agendas. Guaranteeing legitimate maintenance and move of information to the activity will be a continuou s procedure and ought to be assessed by ride-alongs with the utilization of post preparing studies and tests. For progress to proceed in the association correspondence alongside cutting-edge assets are vital and it will be the obligation of upper administration to ensure both include a solid nearness inside the association. .

APA citation styles Essay Essay Example

APA reference styles Essay Example APA reference styles Essay APA reference styles Essay Guidance manuals On the off chance that you are new to APA tribute habits. you may happen it supportive to rethink the stuff inside the Citing beginnings using APA recognition way booklet before get bringing down this evaluation. Question 1 Choose the acclamation that is in appropriate APA recognition group for a book. Jenkins. Henry. Fans. bloggers. what's more, gamers exploring participatory civic establishments. New York New York University Press. 2006. Jenkins. H. Fans. bloggers. also, gamers looking into participatory developments. New York University Press. New York. 2006. Jenkins. H. ( 2006 ) . Fans. bloggers. what's more, gamers looking into participatory development. New York New York University Press. Jenkins. Henry. ( 2006 ) . Fans. Bloggers. what's more, Gamers Exploring Participatory Culture. New York UP New York. Question 2 Choose the acclamation that is in legitimate APA tribute for a section from a book ( no named essayist of part ) . Cook. V. J. ( 2004 ) . FlavaN Gorillaz Pop Group N ames. In Accomodating Brocolli in the Cemetary. ( pp. 21-22 ) . Simon and Schuster New York. Flava n Gorillaz Pop gathering names. ( 2004 ) . In V. J. Cook. Accomodating Brocolli in the Cemetary ( pp. 21-22 ) . New York Simon and Schuster. Flava n Gorillaz Pop gathering names. In Cook. V. J. Accomodating Brocolli in the Cemetary ( pp. 21-22 ) . New York Simon and Schuster. 2004. V. J. Cook. 2004. Flavan Gorillaz Pop gathering names. In Accomodating Brocolli in the Cemetary. pp. 21-22. Simon and Schuster New York. Question 3 Choose the right APA acclamation for a paper article. Yonke. D. ( 2008. September 13 ) . Priests on the course for harmony Tibetan Buddhists bring message that felicity is an inner occasion. The Blade ( Toledo. Goodness ) . p. B7. Yonke. David. ( 2008 ) . Priests on the course for harmony Tibetan Buddhists bring message that felicity is an inner occasion. The Blade ( Toledo. Gracious ) . pp. B7. Yonke. David. Priests on the course for harmony Tibetan Buddhists bring message that felicity is an interior occasion.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Advantages and Disadvantages

Sarbanes-Oxley Act: Advantages and Disadvantages Talk about the qualities and shortcomings of the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act and portray how an IT division can address the difficulty of executing SOX consistence In the course of recent years we have been presented to a progression of monetary outrages. The impact has been cataclysmic and society has expected guideline to limit debasement. In 2002, the USA congressperson Paul Sarbanes and Representative Mike Oxley supported the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act. It is by and large called the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act and was set up so as to direct the responsibility of monetary reports and forestall dangers event However, the sending of SOX consistence costs a great deal of cash, assets and endeavors. It influences the account office, yet in addition the data innovation (IT) office. The hazard avoidance and cost worry of SOX Act will be portrayed in the main passage; the advantages and disadvantages of procedure control, documentation and duty will be talked about in the following; the qualities and downsides of security control will be shown after that; at that point the test of an IT office for SOX consistence will be analyzed. At last, a contextual investigation on the Enron embarrassment will be presented. This paper will help demonstrate that the SOX framework merits the cost regardless of specific downsides and talk about how an IT office meets the consistence. It merits forestalling potential dangers by viably playing out the SOX guideline despite additional expenses and remaining task at hand. In any case, SOX Act gives a rule of inner control for fiscal report to forestall any potential hazard, all the monetary occasions and bookkeeping exercises will oversee by this system. Along these lines, the budget summaries would be increasingly exact and dependable (Anand 2006: 2). Furthermore, through normal interior and outer reviewing to guarantee there has no deceitful practices in the money related tasks. Subsequently, the potential dangers can be limited and untrustworthy practices can be forestalled and stopped. Be that as it may, the fund and IT divisions must financial plan the consumption of SOX usage toward the start and furthermore need to pay outside bookkeeping firms for normal assessments consistently. The estimation of its expense was around USD 91,000 with an extra 383 worker hours in 2003, and the expense is as yet expanding eac h year (Jahmani and Dowling 2008: 59). Staffs have an expanded outstanding task at hand by team up with advisors for the inspecting. Those representatives need to report routine exercises, yet in addition need to set up a great deal of confirmations for reviewers examination. In spite of the fact that workers may endure these extra errands, some sudden advantages will be picked up from them too. The straightforwardness of documentation gives an organization greater honesty despite the fact that some procedure changes are required. The standard working method (SOP) of every division must be reported, particularly for those tasks include to money related exercises and SOX consistence. To be specific, the interior or outside inspectors will research any potential danger of procedure control as per the documentation. It is believed that the foundation of SOP and documentation would be a bit of leeway to organizations, since it exhibits the arrangement of an organization and workers are anything but difficult to follow, and it likewise improves the viability and proficiency of business process. Furthermore, the isolation of obligations is likewise a basic control point to the SOX consistence for the hazard avoidance (Anand 2006: 53). Representatives are required to demand records to the framework executive as per their obligation, and different associates are denied to process da ta frameworks through different people groups framework accounts. In this manner, each and every detail is recorded into the data framework with standard reinforcement arrangements. It gives the discernibility to evaluators exploring any presumed issues. Alternately, organizations may need to change business process stream and adjust related framework stream so as to line up with SOX Act rule. They should pay additional expenses of business process re-building and IT staffs must improve data framework to meet those prerequisites too. The guideline of security control will stay away from unseemly practices occurring despite the fact that workers may feel dissatisfaction. The IT division plays out a significant job to help and diminish the exertion of manual employments. In any case, they ordinarily have more experts in framework to help client needs. Therefore, IT individuals are likewise partitioned into various jobs, and those jobs are normally independently appointed into server, database, security and application frameworks. Each change and alteration must be affirmed and reported into the framework. Also, those progressions must be consistently checked on by the supervisory group in the change the executives meeting (Sentt and Gallegos 2009: 408). Along these lines, it will be more security and the danger of framework change can be decreased. In whole, workers have away from of their jobs and their exhibition can be effectively followed from the data framework. Potential dangers can be likewise limited by the limitation of framework structure and security control. Regardless of this advantage, more staffs may should be recruited to forestall the contentions of occupation obligations, since workers can't approve the standard of isolation of obligations. At long last, attributable to those convoluted limitations of SOX consistence guideline, representatives may feel disappoint of contrary to rules. They may lean toward concentrating on their standard errands as opposed to stretching out their ability to include another territory in light of dangers taken. IT office regularly assumes a significant job of actualizing SOX consistence for the data framework viewpoint. There are a few methodologies recommended for an IT office to adapt to the test of SOX consistence. In any case, an advanced data framework is key in executing SOX consistence. The Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) framework consequently computes monetary reports and its activities ordinarily can meet Sarbanes-Oxley Act necessities (Pathak 2005: 72). Next, the framework change and program rendition control are likewise ordered. In this manner, the presentation of a change the executives framework would be useful for executing these changes. Likewise, cross check of those progressions would assist organizations with forestalling any unforeseen debacle just as certain fakes in reason. Moreover, framework logs, reinforcement arrangements and security controls are additionally basic for an IT office meeting the measures of SOX usage. Eventually, documentation is a fundamental c omponent for the accomplishment of SOX consistence execution. Along these lines, framework manuals, client manuals, exchange logs, security control sheets, plan employments and change demand logs must be chronicled and sorted in the document framework. To put it plainly, as long as IT division follows above rules, at that point it won't be hard to address the difficulty of executing the SOX consistence. Let us presently take a gander at the Enron embarrassment, a significant model not least as a result of its effect on the USA government and society. The consequential convulsions were felt all around. Enron was a vitality organization which provided power and gas in the USA. This organization was likewise giving data transfer capacity administration, paper and metal items. In any case, those ventures appeared not effective and productive. Enron in this way had made a great deal of abroad particular reason substances for stowing away Enrons misfortunes on their monetary reports, and it had likewise made the hallucination of productivity which was really losing cash. Also, Enrons review firm Arthur Andersen had a drawn out relationship and it helped Enron to shroud misfortunes by annihilating related records. Inevitably, their trick was presented to society because of disclosure of an immense measure of undisclosed misfortunes USD 586 million. The stock cost had a sensational tumble f rom roughly USD 90 dollars to 30 pennies. At long last, Enron was petitioned for financial protection in 2002 (Welytok 2006: 26). Individuals ought to take in the destructive from this episode, especially the US government and the whole corporate must forestall such sort of embarrassment happening once more. Along these lines, the usage of SOX Act would be a decent way to deal with check defilement. The proof shows that actualizing and continuing SOX consistence could limit extortion or wrongdoing hazard up to 95 percent of an organization, if that organization performs it suitably and effectively(Anand 2006: 196). It exhibits the essentialness and viability of SOX consistence. All in all, there are a few favorable circumstances and detriments for actualizing SOX consistence in organizations. To begin with, money related reports would be increasingly straightforward and dependable through examining controls, and potential dangers will be decreased. Next, the two organizations and workers will profit by the formation of documentation. Since it meets SOX consistence and assists representatives with understanding the business forms. From that point forward, it is more security for the limitations of framework record and authority, and those potential cheats would be limited. Then again, there are a few hindrances of SOX consistence to organizations. To start with, SOX consistence execution will cost a great deal of cost, and organizations need to spending plan for SOX inspecting each year. Also, the procedures change of an organization is inescapable to comply with the rule. Besides, representatives may lose their eagerness for employment because of the confin ements of SOX Act, workers would get disappointed of including different territories. At long last, a few techniques are fitting for IT division actualizing the SOX consistence. For example, a complex ERP framework can be simpler to adjust the difference in SOX consistence execution; change the executives and rendition control must be under controlled; setting up all documentations as conceivable as could be expected under the circumstances. Most importantly are fundamental components for the achievement of SOX consistence execution. Reference list: Anand, S. (2006) Sarbanes-Oxley manage for fund and infor

Legalization of Marijuana Essay - 825 Words

Legalization of Marijuana (Essay Sample) Content: Legalization of MarijuanaName:Professor:Course:Date:Legalization of MarijuanaGlobally, drug and drug abuse is a song that every adult must have come across in a lifetime. Surprisingly, despite the myriad campaign and sensitization programs at national and international levels, through government and non- governmental based organizations, marijuana users are obstinate on the quest to wipe it out globally; it is unrealistic that people jeopardize their lives by breaking the law for the sake of drugs. The essay will be focused distinctively on marijuana; a drug that people enjoy like movies, music and TV shows, and derive a conclusive perception that would enhance safety and better living standards for the global population. Marijuana drug denies many people of chances to live freely within the community. This is due to numerous confirmed and pending court cases against the culprits caught either in possession of, smuggling or using the illegal drug (Minamide, 2006). In spite of the high risks associated with the use of marijuana, it should be legalized so that the users just like in the case of tobacco may decide to risk or salvage their lives from the lethal drug (CNNMoney). This would be enhanced through warning message branded on the back of the packages and also broadcasts through the media so that users may resolve to a wiser decision between stopping the consumption and continuously exposing their lives to irreversible dangers associated with the consumption of the drug (Morgan, 2010).In the U.S.A., debates on legalization of marijuana have been effortlessly fought over nonstop since its existence and effects respective were discovered (CNNMoney). Marijuana tests in the U.S.A. proved that its legalization would positively impact on the people in numerous ways which are not limited to lowering crime rate, improving health and Americas economy at large; the reasons above are constructive businesswise should the drug be legalized (Morgan, 2010) . This is due to the high number of offenders who would resort to the use and sale of the drug other than seeking employment elsewhere. The large sums of money used in maintaining prisoners and processing court cases on marijuana would be channeled towards essential development projects to enhance economic growth (20 Legal Medical Marijuana States and DC Medical Marijuana ProCon.org. 25th Feb. 2014).It is rhetoric that people who opposed legalizing marijuana have realized how essential it is to legalize the drug. Among other considerations that both the US and the global populace should consider include the medicinal value of the drug. Some parts of the US and Canada have legalized the use of marijuana for medicinal purposes, but it is perceived that the number of countries would greatly increase with time (20 Legal Medical Marijuana States and DC Medical Marijuana ProCon.org. 25th Feb. 2014). Research indicate that marijuana relieves pain for the respective users, in addition, other curative use of the drug include but not limited to relief of migraines, ADD, ADHD, OCDs and prevention of Alzheimers (CNNMoney). Advantage of marijuana in comparison to other drugs like cigarettes, alcohol, sleep aids and painkillers is that it is not addictive. Of course, many people would argue that it is addictive, but there is no factual evidence to prove the perception (Gerber, 2004).In conclusion, legalizing marijuana is a better approach the global malady. Most of the people who criticize the medicinal use of the drug often base their argument that it is unhealthy to the body without factual evidence. However, abuse of any drug is generally unhealthy, although cases of deaths that result from overdose on marijuana are yet to be recorded globally unlike alcohol use that intoxicate the abuser leading to death. Sale of medical marijuana is a source of foreign revenue that would not have been possible when the drug is illegalized. In addition, the huge number of offenders suffering in prisons due to possession, use and/ or smuggling of marijuana would be struggling...

Who Is Baby Boomer - Free Essay Example

Baby boomer is a person who was born between 1946 and 1964. The origin of the name baby boomers is due to the immense number of births that were happening. In the beginning of the boom, 3.4 million infants born in the U.S.. The numbers kept increasing to nearly 4 million infants in between years 1953 and 1964. In the end of 1964, over the course of a 22-year period, about 76.4 million infants were brought into existence. The baby boomers are the 2nd biggest generational group in the history of the U.S. and they will continue to have a significant mark on the U.S..   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the year 1964, the Civil Rights Act was passed in the U.S.A. This put an end to being segregated from areas or places based on race, color, religion, and sex. The passing of this law has done so much for all people that they can actually talk and it not turned into some incident or death. I believe this did a lot more for blacks than any race due to the fact that they couldnt be turned away because of the color of their skin. After years of struggle and setbacks, they could finally attempt to live in peace.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated. He was born in Omaha, Nebraska in 1925. He had lost his father in 1931 as he was murdered by White Supremacists. He became a man that could help stop the deaths of blacks that were being killed. Malcolm was great at his job, he steadily gained followers and he was becoming more and more influential as time went on. Until February 21st 1965, Malcolm X was assassinated by rival Black Muslims while addressing his Organization of Afro-American Unity (which was founded in 1964) in Washington Heights. He was shot to death and was barely even able to experience the world with the Civil Rights Act in play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan was beginning. There was a grand total of 93 nations participating. The grand total of participants was 5,151. The number of men was 4,473 and women was 678. Like many Olympics before the men have always been the majority. This was the debut of other events such as sumo wrestling and judo matches. New Olympic records were set in 27 of the 36 events in the track-and-field competition. The end result of this Olympics was the U.S. coming out on top with the most number of gold medals that being 36.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Winter Olympics of 1980 in Lake Placid for the second time is about to commence. In this Olympics only 37 nations participated and only a little over 1000 contestants. The men were the majority with 840 with the women at only 232. This is the age of television and rising numbers of viewers, that Lake Placid wasnt prepped entirely for this event. The U.S. ice hockey team defeated the powerful Soviets, and gained the gold. The big winners of the Winter Olympics were the Soviet Union with a total of 10 gold medallions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To conclude, the sports never cease to fail. The Olympics is such a popular event that everyone watches. It brings many nations and individuals together, to compete and have a good time. The Baby Boomer generation was definitely booming with many insane events taking place. We are now about to move into the next generation and see how the Olympics and other things played out.

USS Tennessee (BB-43) in World War II

The lead ship of the Tennessee-class of battleship, USS Tennessee (BB-43) was laid down shortly after the United States entry into World War I (1914-1918). The first class to take advantage of the lessons learned in the conflict, the battleship was not completed until two years after the fighting had ended. Entering the peacetime US Navy, Tennessee spent almost the entirety of its career in the Pacific. The battleship was moored at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, when the  Japanese attacked. Though struck by two bombs, it was not severely damaged and soon joined in operations against the Japanese. Withdrawn in August 1942, Tennessee underwent an eight-month modernization which radically changed the appearance of the battleship and left it better equipped to deal with the challenges presented by World War II (1939-1945) naval warfare. Rejoining the fleet in mid-1943, it took part in the Allies island-hopping campaign across the Pacific and played a role in the Battle of the Surigao Strait. Despite sustaining a kamikaze hit in April 1945, Tennessee remained an active participant in operations through the end of the conflict in August. Design The ninth  class  of dreadnought battleship  (South Carolina, Delaware, Florida,  Wyoming,  New York, Nevada, Pennsylvania,  and  New Mexico) designed for the US Navy, the  Tennessee-class was intended to be an improved version of the preceding  New Mexico-class. The fourth class  to follow the Standard-type concept, which called for ships  that possessed similar operational and tactical characteristics,  the  Tennessee-class was powered by  oil-fired boilers instead of coal and employed an  Ã¢â‚¬Å"all or nothing† armor scheme. This armor approach  called for key  areas of the vessel, such as magazines and engineering, to be heavily protected while less important spaces were left unarmored. Also, Standard-type battleships were required to have  a  minimum top speed of 21 knots and have a tactical turn radius of 700 yards or less.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Designed following the Battle of Jutland, the  Tennessee-class class was the first to take advantage of the lessons learned in the fighting. These included enhanced protection below the waterline as well as fire control systems for both the main and secondary batteries. These were mounted atop two large cage masts. As with the  New Mexicos, the new ships carried twelve 14 guns in four triple turrets and fourteen 5 guns. Unlike its predecessors, the main battery on the  Tennessee-class could elevate its guns to 30 degrees which increased the weapons range by 10,000 yards. Ordered on December 28, 1915, the new class consisted of two ships: USS  Tennessee  (BB-43) and USS  California  (BB-44). Construction Laid down at the New York Naval Shipyard on May 14, 1917, work on  Tennessee  moved forward while the US was engaged in World War I. On April 30, 1919, the new battleship slid down the ways with Helen Roberts, daughter of Tennessee Governor Albert H.Roberts, serving as sponsor. Pressing forward, the yard completed the ship and it entered commission on June 3, 1920 with Captain Richard H. Leigh in command. Finishing fitting out, the battleship ran trials in Long Island Sound that October. As part of this process, one of the ships electrical turbines exploded, injuring two members of the crew.    USS Tennessee  (BB-43) - Overview Nation:  United StatesType:  BattleshipShipyard:  New York Navy YardLaid Down:  May 14, 1917Launched:  April 30, 1919Commissioned:  June 3, 1920Fate:  Sold for scrap Specifications (as built) Displacement:  33,190  tonsLength:  624  ft.Beam:  97.3  ft.Draft:  31  ft.Propulsion:  Turbo-electric transmission  turning 4 propellersSpeed:  21  knotsComplement:  1,083  men Armament (as built) 12  Ãƒâ€" 14 in. gun (4  Ãƒâ€" 3)14 Ãâ€" 5 in. guns2 Ãâ€" 21 in. torpedo tubes Interwar Years   Following standardization trials at Guantanamo Bay in early 1921,  Tennessee  received orders to join the Pacific Fleet. Passing through the Panama Canal, the battleship arrived at San Pedro, CA on June 17. Operating from the West Coast, the battleship moved through annual cycles of peacetime training, maneuvers, and war games. In 1925,  Tennessee  and other battleships from the Pacific Fleet conducted a goodwill cruise to Australia and New Zealand. Four years later, the battleships anti-aircraft armament was enhanced. Following Fleet Problem XXI off Hawaii in 1940,  Tennessee and the Pacific Fleet received orders to shift their base to Pearl Harbor due to increasing tensions with Japan.    World War II Begins On the morning of December 7, 1941,  Tennessee  was moored inside of USS  West Virginia  (BB-48)  along Battleship Row. When the Japanese attacked, Tennessees crew manned the ships anti-aircraft guns but were unable to prevent two bombs from hitting the ship. Additional damage was sustained by flying debris when USS  Arizona  (BB-39) exploded. Trapped by the sunken  West Virginia  for ten days after the attack,  Tennessee  finally moved free and was sent to the West Coast for repairs. Entering Puget Sound Navy Yard, the battleship received needed repairs, additions to its anti-aircraft battery, and new search and fire control radars. Return to Action Departing the yard on February 26, 1942,  Tennessee  conducted training exercises along the West Coast and then patrolled the Pacific. Though it was initially slated to support the landings on  Guadalcanal in early August, its slow speed and high fuel consumption prevented it from joining the invasion force. Instead, Tennessee  returned to Puget Sound for a major modernization program. This saw the battleships superstructure razed and rebuilt, enhancements to its power plant, the trunking of its two funnels into one, additions to the anti-aircraft armament, and incorporation of anti-torpedo protection into the hull. Emerging on May 7, 1943,  Tennessees  appearance was radically changed. Ordered to the Aleutians later that month, the battleship provided gunfire support for landings there. Island Hopping Steaming south that fall, Tennessees guns aided US Marines during the invasion of Tarawa in late November. Following training off California, the battleship returned to action on January 31, 1944, when it opened fired on Kwajalein and then remained offshore to support the landings. With the capture of the island,  Tennessee  rendezvoused USS  New Mexico  (BB-40), USS  Mississippi  (BB-41), and USS  Idaho  (BB-42)  in March to attack targets in the Bismarck Islands. After rehearsals in Hawaiian waters,  Tennessee  joined the invasion force for the Marianas in June. Arriving off Saipan, it struck targets ashore and later covered the landings. In the course of the fighting, the battleship took three hits from Japanese shore batteries which killed 8 and wounded 26. Withdrawing for repairs on June 22, it quickly returned to the area to aid in the invasion of Guam the next month. On September 12,  Tennessee aided Allied operations against Peleliu by attacking the island of Angaur to the south. The following month, the battleship fired in support of General Douglas MacArthurs landings on Leyte in the Philippines. Five days later, on October 25, Tennessee  formed part of Rear Admiral  Jesse Oldendorfs line at the Battle of Surigao Strait. In the fighting, the American battleships inflicted a severe defeat on the enemy as part of the larger Battle of Leyte Gulf. In the wake of the fighting,  Tennessee  returned to Puget Sound for a routine refit. Final Actions Re-entering  the fighting in early 1945,  Tennessee joined Rear Admiral W.H.P. Blandys Iwo Jima bombardment force. Reaching the island, it opened fire on February 16 in an effort to weaken the Japanese defenses. Supporting the landings  three days later, the battleship remained offshore until March 7 when it sailed for Ulithi. There briefly, Tennessee  then moved to take part in the Battle of Okinawa. Tasked with striking targets ashore, the battleship also was routinely threatened by kamikaze attacks. On April 12,  Tennessee  was hit by a kamikaze that killed 23 and wounded 107. Making emergency repairs, the battleship remained off the island until May 1. Steaming to Ulithi, it received permanent repairs.    Arriving back at Okinawa on June 9,  Tennessee  supported the final drives to eliminate Japanese resistance ashore. On June 23, the battleship became Oldendorfs flagship and commenced patrols in the Ryukyus and East China Sea. Raiding the Chinese coast, Tennessee  was operating off Shanghai when the war ended in August.   After covering the landing of occupation forces at Wakayama, Japan, the battleship touched at Yokosuka before returning to the United States via Singapore and the Cape of Good Hope. Arriving at Philadelphia, it began the process of moving into reserve status. Decommissioned on February 14, 1947, Tennessee  remained in reserve for twelve years until being sold for scrap on March 1, 1959.

The 44 Phonemic Sounds in English for Spelling

When supporting children in learning the sounds of the English language, remember to choose words that demonstrate all 44 word-sounds or phonemes. English contains 19 vowel sounds—5 short vowels, 6 long vowels, 3 diphthongs, 2 oo sounds, and 3 r-controlled vowel sounds—and 25 consonant sounds. The following lists provide sample words to use when teaching the sounds of the English language. You may choose to find more words to fill out word families or align with sight vocabulary lists such as a Dolch Word List. Your learners will benefit most from terms that are familiar to them or make sense in their life. The 5 Short Vowel Sounds The five short vowel sounds in English are a, e, i, o, and u. short a: and, as, and aftershort e: pen, hen, and lendshort i: it and inshort o: top and hopshort u: under and cup Remember that these sounds are not necessarily indicative of spelling. Note that the above words all contain the vowel whose sound they make but this is not always the case. A word might sound as if it contains a certain vowel that is not there. Examples of words whose short vowel sounds do not correspond with their spelling are busy and does. The 6 Long Vowel Sounds The six long vowel sounds in English are a, e, i, o, u, and oo. long a: make and takelong e: beet and feetlong i: tie and lielong o: coat and toelong u (pronounced yoo): music and cutelong oo: goo and droop Examples of words whose long vowel sounds do not correspond with their spelling are they, try, fruit, and few. The R-Controlled Vowel Sounds An r-controlled vowel is a vowel whose sound is influenced by the r that comes before it. The three r-controlled vowel sounds are ar, er, and or. ar: bark and darker: her, bird, and furor: fork, pork, and stork It is important that students pay close attention to the er sound in words because it can be created by an r-controlled e, i, or u. These vowels are all transformed into the same sound when an r is attached to the end of them. More examples of this include better, first, and turn. The 18 Consonant Sounds The letters c, q, and x are not denoted by unique phonemes because they are found in other sounds. The c sound is covered by k sounds in words like crust, crunch, and create and by s sounds in words like cereal, city, and cent (the c is found in the spelling of these words only but does not have its own phoneme). The q sound is found in kw words like backward and Kwanza. The x sound is found in ks words like kicks. b: bed and badk: cat and kickd: dog and dipf: fat and figg: got and girlh: has and himj: job and jokel: lid and lovem: mop and mathn: not and nicep: pan and playr: ran and rakes: sit and smilet: to and takev: van and vinew: water and wenty: yellow and yawnz: zipper and zap The Blends Blends are formed when two or three letters combine to create a distinct consonant-sound, often at the beginning of a word. In a blend, the sounds from each original letter are still heard, they are just blended quickly and smoothly together. The following are common examples of blends. bl: blue and blowcl: clap and closefl: fly and flipgl: glue and glovepl: play and pleasebr: brown and breakcr: cry and crustdr: dry and dragfr: fry and freezegr: great and groundpr: prize and pranktr: tree and trysk: skate and skysl: slip and slapsp: spot and speedst: street and stopsw: sweet and sweaterspr: spray and springstr: stripe and strap The 7 Digraph Sounds A digraph is formed when two consonants come together to create an entirely new sound that is distinctly different from the sounds of the letters independently. These can be found anywhere in a word but most often the beginning or end. Some examples of common digraphs are listed below. ch: chin and ouchsh: ship and pushth: thingth: thiswh: whenng: ringnk: rink Point out to your students that there are two sounds that th can make and be sure to provide plenty of examples. Diphthongs and Other Special Sounds A diphthong is essentially a digraph with vowels—it is formed when two vowels come together to create a new sound in a single syllable as the sound of the first vowel glides into the second. These are usually found in the middle of a word. See the list below for examples. oi: oil and toyow: owl and ouchey: rain Other special sounds include: short oo: took and pullaw: raw and haulzh: vision

Globalization And The Global System - 1343 Words

Globalization one of the most controversial and widely recognized term, and is biggest threat to liberty in the 21st century. The consolidation of power and wealth into the hands of a few has absolutely no benefit, except of course to the power hungry CEO s of transnational’s looking to suck the life out of every nation they can exploit. Despite the propaganda from the global elite it s done nothing but destroy the middle class in United States and any other industrialized nation. It will eliminate more cultures and enslave more people than even the most ambitious tyrant from history. Globalization is uneven and incomplete because the pace of globalization varies over time, and not all societies are fully integrated into the global†¦show more content†¦It is clear that the unchecked growth of financial capitalism is not the only outcome of today’s crisis and that regulations are necessary at all levels to meet the challenges of globalization. Increasing internationalization of the three circuits of capital is driving globalization: International trade (the global marketplace), international finance (the global casino) and international production (the global assembly-line), and the concomitant, increasing international concentration and centralization of capital. This characteristic of contemporary globalization, which distinguishes it from previous periods of international economic integration, has been a major contributor to the break-up of the institutional pillars of the postwar productive order, and is propelling further globalization. More than one billion people live in extreme poverty, which is defined by the World Bank as subsisting on less than one dollar a day. In 2001, fully half of the developing world lived on less than two dollars a day. Yet poverty rates are much lower today than twenty years ago. In the last two decades, the percentage of the developing world living in extreme poverty has been cut in half. While poverty rates were falling, developing countries became increasingly integrated into the world trading system. Poor countries have slashed protective tariff s and increased their participation in world trade. If we use the share of exports in gross domestic

The Winner Of The War Of 1812 Essay - 1633 Words

Riley Walburger Mrs. Miller English 12, 5th hour September 23, 2016 The Winner of the War of 1812 There are many conflicting viewpoints of the war of 1812. Both sides claim it as a victory but only one side can win a war. The war of 1812 isn’t a very well known war throughout the world but it has been a very important one to the countries and people involved. The war was an issue of the U.S. wanting land and seeing an opportunity to have North American Britain while Britain was at war with Napoleon. The U.S. also wanted to trade with everybody as Great Britain was stopping the U.S. from trading with enemies in Europe such as Napoleon. The United States and Great Britain both views The War of 1812 as a victory but in reality the United States did not achieve their goals of the war and Great Britain obtained almost all of their goals with less losses. The two views of the War of 1812 conflict with each other in many ways. The British has one view on this war. They have the belief that they stopped the Americans from trading with France during th e Napoleonic wars. They set up a blockade with only about fifteen percent of their navy. Donald R. Hickey said â€Å"The blockade devastated the American economy. Between 1811 and 1814, the value of exports and imports fell from $114 million to $20 million, while custom rates used to finance the war were more than halved from $13 million to $6 million. Many American merchant vessels did not risk leaving port.† The Royal Navy did a greatShow MoreRelatedWar of 18121643 Words   |  7 PagesThe War of 1812 was a war between Britain and the United States fought primarily in Upper Canada. It had many causes, few which involved British North America. The results of the war include the fact that there was no clear winner or loser among them. The only real losers in the situation were the Natives in the region. They were driven out of their lands and customs. 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Idiosyncrasies of a Young Blonde Woman free essay sample

More than just Objects In Idiosyncrasies of a Young Blonde Woman, Eca de Quieroz, the author, offers his insight on how gender roles operate within the relationship between men and women. In each of the relationships depicted by Quieroz, the common and underlying theme revolves around the tendency of men to engage in romantic relationships, solely on the basis of a woman’s aesthetic beauty. Furthermore, by engaging in these types of superficial relationships, men are ultimately entailed to face harsh repercussions. By reiterating this theme in each of his stories, Quieroz manifests the notion that men have been naturally trained to objectify women. By judging women exclusively on their exterior features, rather than on their interior values, men are not regarding women as human beings, but rather as inanimate objects. By ignoring the characteristics of women, men are also prone to become victims of the negative traits in women. Lastly, Quieroz purports that in order to expunge this ignorant habit of objectifying women, men must endure a shocking, yet enlightening, experience in which they are exposed to and victimized by the negative characteristics of women. We will write a custom essay sample on Idiosyncrasies of a Young Blonde Woman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In Quieroz’s Idiosyncrasies of a Young Blonde Woman, Macario objectifies Luisa by being infatuated with her exterior beauty of Luisa. The first time Macario glimpsed Luisa was when he, from his balcony, noticed a â€Å"blonde girl† emerging from the window of the opposite building. Macario was immediately infatuated with her ethereal beauty and thought, â€Å"the whiteness of her skin had something of the transparency of old porcelain and her profile had a pure line to it† [p. 92]. While Macario had barely glimpsed Luisa, â€Å"within five days he was mad about her† [p. 93] and she was constantly occupying his thoughts. When Macario finally converses with Luisa at a gathering, he is certain â€Å"they are destined for marriage† [p. 97]. By thinking that they were destined to be married, it is evident that Luisa is just another object he yearns to obtain. Because Macario has barely conversed with Luisa and is not acquainted to her personality, it is evident that he bases his emotions solely off Luisa’s elegant appearance. For that reason, it is explicit that Macario is objectifying Luisa. Because Macario objectifies Luisa and commences their relationship on the basis of appearance, absolutely ignoring her kleptomaniac personality, he ends up a victim of her swindling nature. The first evidence, albeit slight, of Luisa’s kleptomania comes when Uncle Francisco remarks â€Å"12,000 reis with of scarves; put it on my bill† [p. 95] in response to â€Å"the disappearance of a package of Indian scarves† [p. 5]. Though there is no direct link to Luisa, Quiroz clearly implies Luisa was the thief, as she asked to see them earlier. Macario does not even stop to consider that Luisa was the thief because he is so obsessed with her beauty. As a result, his uncle’s shop loses 12,000 reis. The second theft by Luisa affects Macario in a much greater fashion. One night, while socializing with Luisa and others, Macario commences spinning his new gold coin worth around 7,000 reis. After a wild spin, â€Å"the coin rolled to the edge of the table, fell to one side of Luisa’s lap and disappeared, with no clink of metal on the wood as it fell to the floor† [p. 00]. This description coupled with the fact that earlier Luisa had smiled as she â€Å"watched it spin and spin† [p. 100], makes it explicit that Luisa was the thief. Nevertheless, Macario does not even consider the notion of accusing Luisa because he thinks of her as an object. Macario is only cognizant of her external beauty, and absolutely disregards her character and personality. This objectification leads to Macario losing 7,000 reis. In both situations, because Macario ignores and disregards Luisa’s personality, he ends up a victim of Luisa’s kleptomaniac personality. Even though Macario has already twice been victimized by Luisa’s kleptomania, it takes a truly shocking, horrific and painful theft for Macario to become cognizant of Luisa’s negative traits and ultimately stop objectifying her. While the couple is shopping for a wedding ring, Luisa slyly steals an expensive diamond ring from the counter. As Macario and Luisa are leaving the store, the assistant, who witnessed Luisa pilfer the ring, accuses, â€Å"the lady took the ring from the counter† [p. 112]. Mortified, Luisa eventually relents and admits to the crime. Humiliated, Macario apologizes for Luisa’s actions and purchases the ring. Judging women solely on their exterior beauty rather than their character and personality leads to brutal ramifications. By shunning and ignoring women’s personalities, men render themselves vulnerable to becoming the victim of women’s negative traits. Moreover, in order for men to overcome their innate habit of objectifying women, they must be horrified by the negative traits of women. In all, Quieroz criticizes the objectification of women and suggests that treating women as if they are human beings rather than lifeless objects would ultimately be advantageous for men.

Qualitative and Quantitative Design Methods †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Queston: Discuss about the Qualitative and Quantitative Design Methods. Answer: Introduction: Ontology and Epistemology are intrinsic to research methodology. Ontology is the foundation of knowledge. Research paradigm is constructed by the integration of ontology and epistemology. The characteristics of research paradigm are ontology management, epistemology and methodology. The ontology of positivist knowledge is that reality is present out there, it can be understood through the external intervention by the scientist (Ritchie et al. 2013). Result is understood as the outcome of current convention. Ontology raises question about reality and what is reality. Ontology emphasizes on what is knowledge and in what ways we perceive knowledge. This enables us to understand the quintessence of knowledge. A clear understanding regarding the philosophy of knowledge will guide the researcher to engage in better research. The ontological position of the positivists is that there is a single reality that is out there and the task of the researcher is to go out there and discover the real ity. The understanding of the positivist ontological position is that there is a fixed reality. This ontology informs the researcher to deploy quantitative research methods that facilitates measurement and quantification of the reality. Another ontological position is that of the constructivists or the interpretivists. Their understanding about knowledge is that there is no single reality. There are multiple realities. Reality is contingent about the perception of different individuals based on their distinctive social location. Since reality is multiple, the approach towards understanding the reality is to explore the lived experiences of individuals, groups, communities and sects. Since experiences of different individuals cannot be quantified, measured on generalized to a larger sample population, therefore qualitative research methods comprising of qualitative interviewing, in-depth and intensive interviews, oral history and participant observation are some of the pertinent tech niques deployed for the constructivist approach of research. The ontological framework of critical social science research is that there is social construction of reality and that the construction of reality is subject to internal reflection. This ontological position influences the a critical and reflective orientation towards social issues. Therefore, Marxist method and feminist method are the key features of this kind of position. According to critical social science research, social realities are manifestation of the power structure and embedded in hierarchical relationship (Lewis 2015). The appropriate methods for this kind of approach is discourse analysis that engages in a perusal of the discourse itself and highlights the power that is manifested through discourse analysis, ethnography and action design research. Action design research is suitable for the temperament of this ontological position as it emphasizes on identifying the issues and seeking solutions management to the problem with the motive of social transformation or praxis. The term epistemology refers to the ways one can know the reality or knowledge and also explains the relationship between the knower and the phenomenon the person wants to know. It is ontology that informs the epistemological premise. Epistemology also emphasizes on the process of knowing and guides about future methods that can be adopted by the researchers. For example, the epistemological tenet of constructivism is subjective understanding of knowledge. According to this philosophy, reality needs to be interpreted with the aim of understanding the meanings imbued to the social action of individuals or groups. Theory, methodology and research design Ontology and epistemology determines guides and informs theory. Theory informs the methodological framework to be adopted for research and the methodical framework in turn gives shape to the research design. In social science research, there are three key ingredients, the first step is the construction of theory followed by the collection of data and followed by the designing of the research. The term theory connotes a testable proposition that have emerged either through the nomothetic (that is based on generalisable scientific laws) or the idiographic (that emphasizes on the subjective interpretation of reality) approach. A theory either emerges through the inductive of the deductive method. According to the deductionist approach, a researcher commences the research with a hypothesis based on the on intensive review of literature on the issue that is being studied. Then, the researcher goes into the field and deploys the survey or the questionnaire method to find the data. The aim of the researcher is to prove the hypothesis valid or invalid (Hughes and Sharrock 2016). The deductionists are inspired from the positivist foundation and tries to provide an objective account of reality. On the other hand, in the inductionist approach the researcher commences with broad research question and enters the field. During the course of the fieldwork and post the data collection, there will emerge the theory. This is also known as the grounded theory. Grounded theory makes use of qualitative research methodology. The foundation of qualitative research is that individuals experiences cannot be quantified and the researcher needs to adopt verstehen (empathetic understanding). This emphasizes that the researcher to understand the participants should put themselves in the shoes of the participant. This would facilitate in having a deeper and acuminous insight into the lifeworld of the individual. Methodology refers to the system that constitutes of a collection of methods th at are utilized by the researcher in the pursuit of their approach towards the research. It is important to understand that research is never pursued without reference to other studies. The ways and patterns in which the social scientist pursues the researcher is situated in the broader context of the paradigm (Neuman 2014). The selection of appropriate research design emerges from the epistemological position of the researcher and the ways the researcher is seeking to understand the given issue. There are two primary research designs. One is the quantitative research design and the other is the qualitative research. The specifics of qualitative, quantitative and mixed method approach to research As has been discussed in the previous journals ontology informs epistemology that in turn informs the methodology and that in turn influences the methods. Qualitative research design is premised on the understanding of interpretivism or constructivism or critical social science research (Glaser and Strauss 2017). In quantitative research design, the aim of the researcher is to measure the through the use of numbers. Quantitative research design entails grasping the objective reality, therefore estimation is done quantification of data. A key advantage of quantitative research is the precision and there is no ambiguity. The data generated from the quantitative research can be generalisable to a larger sample population. Some of the common methods in quantitative research are survey and structured interview. A survey involves studying a particular phenomenon through the use of questionnaire that comprises of both open-ended nad close-ended questions. A questionnaire with too many open- ended questions would make it difficult to code and quantify. A structured interview comprises of a set of questions pre-decided by the interviewer and is not subject to change or modification during the course of the interview. Survey is helpful in examining the number of people and their relation to the particular phenomenon. However, quantitative research has limitation in terms grasping the varied experiences of individuals. In that context, qualitative research is helpful. The data generated from qualitative research is not meant to be generalisable. It uses oral history, in-depth interview, qualitative interviewing, focussed group discussion, unstructured interviews among others that are considered to be compatible for the essence of the research. In case of quantitative method probability, sampling technique is adopted whereas in case of qualitative research non-probability sampling technique is considered to be befitting. Apart from these two research methods there is someth ing called mixed methods. Mixed methods are also known as triangulation. Mixed method approach involves the deployment of both qualitative and quantitative research method (Hussein 2015). For example if a researcher is planning to conduct a study to understand the effect of ethnic violence on a community, then the methods of oral history, unstructured interview, archive analysis and survey all can be employed together to have a better understanding of the phenomenon. In case of a research that aims to understand the relationship between drug abuse and youth, the a quantitative research comprising of large scale cross-sectional research design and survey would be useful. In case a researcher is interested to understand the children of sex-workers and stigma in their life, then qualitative research methods comprising of qualitative interviewing and participant observation would be the most suitable method. Quantification would not be possible in such kind of situation as it will insen sitive and uncouth conduct a structured interview on their lives. Participant observation will enable the researcher to understand the trials and tribulations of the participants and the observation from the field will enrich the data. References Glaser, B.G. and Strauss, A.L., 2017.Discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Routledge. Hughes, J.A. and Sharrock, W.W., 2016.The philosophy of social research. Routledge. Hussein, A., 2015. The use of Triangulation in Social Sciences Research: Can qualitative and quantitative methods be combined?.Journal of comparative social work,4(1). Lewis, S., 2015. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.Health promotion practice,16(4), pp.473-475. Neuman, L.W., 2014.Social research methods. Pearson Education Limited. Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., Nicholls, C.M. and Ormston, R. eds., 2013.Qualitative research practice: A guide for social science students and researchers. Sage.

Art Appreication Essay Example

Art Appreication Paper According to Sayre what are the three steps int he process of seeing reception, extraction, inference Jan and Hubert van Eycks The Great Altarpiece is an example of artists giving form to the immaterial: hidden or universal truths, spiritual forces or personal feelings Kane Kweis Coffin Orange in the Shape of a Cocoa Pod is an example of artists making functional objects and structures more pleasurable and elevating them or imbuing them with meaning Renzo Pianos Jean-Marie Tjibaou Cultural Center is an example of green architecture Such buildings are praised for their self-sufficiency Portraiture, such as John Ahearn are Rigoberto Torres Pat is an example of artists making a visual record of the people, places, and events of their time and place Where does Japanese artist Yayoi Kusama draw inspiration for her work from very personal visual and existential experience of her surroundings What is the function of the nsiki nkonde figure it pursued wrongdoers at night and punished them when nails were driven into it The imagery in Faith Ringgolds God Bless America was inspired by the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s Jasper Johns chose to paint his image of the American flag to express his proclivity for things seen but not examined Where did Picasso draw inspiration for the faces of the female figures on the right side of the composition of Les Demosielles dAvignon African ritual masks Rene Margittes The Treason of Images asks of to consider that images and words refer to things that we see, but are not the things themselves In a work of art, content, refers to what the work expresses or means The term naturalistic or realistic art are sometimes used to describe representational art Jan van Eycks Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife Giovanni Cenami depicts many objects that have symbolic meaning. The use or study of these symbols is called iconography While in prison, Howling Wolf made drawings called ledger drawings In a work of art, form, refers to the way it looks Beatriz Milhaves Carambola is based on the shapes, forms, and bright colors of Brazilian culture When a work of art such as Kasimir Malevichs Black Square shows no reference to the natural world of images, it is usually called nonrepresentational Which of these statements best defines visual literacy the abililty to recognize, understand, and communicate the meaning of visual images What is the content of Albert Beirstadts Rocky Mountains It is a sublime representation of the mountain range that we can be seen to encompass the spirit and character of the American West Maya Lins Memorial in Washington, D.C. was controversial at first because of its non-traditional style In Chapter 3, Sayre discusses two ways of valuing art. What are they? monetary and intrinsic Which sculptor eventually saw his controversial work destroyed Richard Serra Guillermo Gomez-Penas The temple of Confessions can be defined as what kind of art performance and installation Historically, why do many people receive new and innovative work with reservation They have little context which to view the work What is it that motivates most collectors to buy contemporary art the pleasure of owning art and the prestige that confers upon them Chris Ofilis The Holy Virgin Mary displays aspects of the artists life, his African heritage and what else? his Catholic upbringing In 1860, Edouard Manets Dejeuner sur Iherbe was rejected by the public due to its modernity Which artwork was described as an explosion in a shingle factory Marcel Duchamps Nide Descending a Staircase Considered a masterpiece of Renaissance art, Michelangelos David came under attack upon first viewing due to its political symbolism When each side of a composition is exactly the same, it shows absolute symmetry When dealing with balance in a two dimensional composition, an artist or designer is actually dealing with visual weight The process of organizing the formal elements of art into a unified composition is called design Proportion is defined as the relationship between the parts to each other and the whole in a composition Jan Vermeers Women Holding a Balance is a perfect example of an asymmetrically balanced composition The dimensions of an object, in relation to some constant, such as the human figure, are known as its scale The process of organizing the formal elements of art into unified composition is called desgin What is a term that describes an artists attempt to draw our eyes to one are of a composition emphasis Repetition often implies monotony, yet it also creates a sense of rhythm In her painting Still Life with Lobster Anna Vallayer-Coster establishes emphasis through the manipulation of light and color A popular drawing medium during the Renaissance consisted of a stylus of gold, silver or other metal that was dragged across a prepared ground of lead white, bone, and water. The process was called metalpoint The artist who felt that a cut line made with scissors could acquire more feeling than a pencil or charcoal was Henri Matisse The word paper is derived from Egyptian papyrus When ink is diluted with water and applied in broad flat areas, the result is called a wash In Kathe Kollwitzs Self-Portrait, Drawing the artist has revealed the expressive capabilities of what medium charcoal Whitefield Lovells Whispers from the Walls is an example of installation art What was early paper in the West made of cloth rags Which of the following is a form of soft carbon discovered in England in 1564 Graphite Dry drawing media consists of coloring agents, which are mixed with what to hold them together binders Who drew Banana Flower Georgia OKeeffe When and where was printmaking first developed in the 9th century in China Because lithography the printing surface is completely flat, it is referred to as planographic Which process best describes intaglio printing The area that prints is below the surface of the plate What is the main advantage of linocut over woodcut printmaking it is easier to cut into linoleum than wood What is the chief advantage of printmaking over other media the artist can make multiple copies of a single image Which of the following is an example of relief printmaking woodcut What printmaking technique was used in The Nuremberg Chronicle woodcut Monotype is unique among printmaking processes because it produces only one print from the plate What is the process that assures that the colors of linocut or other relief print will align perfectly Registration If an artist pushes the point of a burin across a metal plate, forcing the metal up in silver in front of the burin, the process is called engraving Painting was largely considered a craft, lesser than other arts like poetry and music until The Renaissance When an artist paints with a mixture of watercolor pigment and Chinese white chalk, the process is called a gouache The painting process that allows for a continuous blending of tones and hues on the painting surface is called oil painting Artists can create a sense of luminous materiality in oil painting by brushing thin films of transparent color onto the surface, a process called glazing What is the main advantage of using oil paint over other paint media It dries slower allowing more naturalistic development What is the substance in paint that holds the particles of pigment together and often defines the characteristics of the various painting media binder Winslow Homers A Wall, Nassau was made using watercolor washes Paintings that consist of three painted panels, such as The Annunciation (Merode Altarpiece) by Robert Campin, are called Triptychs Where is focal point in Giottos Lamentation Jesus head What is the binder in encaustic painting wax The drawings by William Cameron Menzies are examples of a vital part of the film-making process called storyboards Color was introduced into film in what year 1939 Sound was introduced into film in what year 1927 Dodging and burning are darkroom processes by which the photographer can manipulate which aspect of a photo value The device invented in the sixteenth century as means of capturing images from the natural world is called camera obscura Nam June Paik was an innovator in which of these media video sculpture Still images from the film Battleship Potemkin demonstrate the montage technique of which filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein What film process was D.W. Griffith was the first great mater of editing Despite the success of the daguerreotype, the process had its drawbacks, primarily that the image could not be reproduced What is defined as the size of the opening in the lens when exposing a photograph to light aperture

Get Your Level High With These 2 Tips For Aceing the Calculus AB Exam

Get Your Level High With These 2 Tips For Aceing the Calculus AB ExamEvery student who is taking the AP Calculus AB exam wants to know how they can study and learn to ace the exam. There are many ways to ace a test like this, but the most common way is by studying and analyzing the elements of your sample essay and choosing the right points. However, there are some things you can do as well to help your overall score. The following article explains how.Before we begin to discuss the two tips for increasing your score, I would like to start with an audience analysis. The overall purpose of an audience analysis is to determine the audience that will be taking the test. You can learn a lot about your audience by first analyzing their demographics and other factors.Here is the outline of the steps for taking the audience analysis. It starts by determining the demographics. You need to find out the demographics of the audience that will be taking the test so you can make sure you cover ev erything on the test.Next, you need to identify what kind of audience you will be working with on the test. For example, you can learn how to ace the test by learning how to ace a test that requires a critical thinking element. This is often the most popular kind of test for students because it requires you to think through several scenarios and come up with correct answers. When you take the Calculus AB exam, you can find a number of these types of tests available.The next step is to identify which skills you will need to master for the writing portion of the test. One of the skills you will need to master is the ability to analyze data. You will need to learn how to use various techniques to gather information. For example, you can learn how to use multiple choice questions, true or false questions, and the ability to figure out how many times a number has been used in an essay. The final tip for aceing the test involves critical thinking. Critical thinking is not something that y ou can learn in a short amount of time. It takes time to really understand what your subject is talking about and to get comfortable using the tools and techniques that are taught on the test. You need to practice solving critical thinking problems.Remember, as long as you're doing the test, it will help you get better. You will be able to apply the information that you learn in real life situations to your test. This will help you to ace the test.By learning different elements of the AP Calculus AB test, you will be prepared for the real thing. As you practice and analyze your audience analysis sample essay, you will be able to ace the exam. The two tips for acing the exam will help you take your test and ace it.

The Purpose of the Magna Carta essays

The Purpose of the Magna Carta essays The penning of the Magna Carta, (Great Charter), was birthed from an angry peoples desire to limit the power of a despotic king. The charter established a standard to which even the king was held, and would be a foundation for future nations and their governments. In 1199, the King of England, Richard, died. He left behind no established heir to the throne but the candidates were either Arthur of Brittany or John, and since Arthur was only nine at the time, the people opted for John. King Richard left behind a mass of property, particularly in Aquitaine, England, Ireland, and Normandy. When John took the crown he faced many problems, for example the communications system was slow and dangerous. Thanks to that system, however, the king was alerted of the new French king, Phillip Augustus, plan to attack Johns property in France, and he was able to react. King Phillip was resentful of John, because he felt that Arthur should have gotten the crown. Problems escalated when King John broke the feudal law by marrying an heiress who was already engaged to one of his vassals. The heiress appealed to the French King and set a trial but when King John refused, he was ordered to forfeit all of his property in France. The inevitable war started in 1202. The King of England wouldnt stay with a decisive military plan and ended up losing all of his property in Normandy and the support of all his barons and nobles when, in a drunken fit, he murdered Arthur of Brittany. Over the next ten years, he created a lot of contention with the countries around him, and even within his own people. Beginning when John first took the crown, an accumulation of things led up to an inevitable disaster. He was involved in many various quarrels with the barons and plots to overthrow the king were circulating. His battle against Phillip Augusus also caused problems, and in the end, the odds were stacked against him. The final straw was whe...

Gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Gender - Essay Example Feminist theory embraced in totality the concept of the distinction between the concept of biological sex and the socio-cultural construct of gender. In the current conservative societal systems, the gender-biological sex distinction is strictly followed in specific contexts, especially the documents written by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the social sciences. Put differently in other contexts, including social science areas, gender is the basic inclusion of sexuality, or it replaces sexuality. Although the change in gender meaning is overly traced in the 1980s, a meager acceleration of gender context in the scientific field was liberally observed in 1993 in the United States. This is the period in which USA’s Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began using the terminology gender instead of sex. Therefore, gender was reversely used during this period as a sexual view of individuals or as a person’s self-assessment and self-representation as male or female. Thi s paper, therefore, describes how individual social role players construct gender in a culture other than the ordinarily known cultures. Natural languages often make up all the gender distinctions. Gender relation and language may be of various kinds. Gender and language distinctions socially are more or less loosely associated with analogies of either perceived or actual differences between men and women. Some grammatical gender issues go far much beyond or totally ignore the masculine-feminine distinctions. In the explanation of gender and languages, the following are the key and elementary attributes of gender as a cultural construction concept. Firstly, languages include the terminologies used unequally while referring to men and women (Jowett, 2005). The conservative societal concern that the current language structures may be biased in favor of only

Reflective Thinking. Easy Jet on airline markets. PESTEL And SWOT Essay

Reflective Thinking. Easy Jet on airline markets. PESTEL And SWOT Analysis - Essay Example This step involves revisiting experiences and knowledge with respect to the topic in question and why and how one performs the task. It involves examination of values, beliefs, assumptions and attitudes. Reflective thinking helps clarify and recognise the connection between what one knows and learns (TLC, 2008). Figure 1: The Thinking Process (Source: TLC, 2008) The reflective report prepared aims to demonstrate my knowledge derived from the projects on Easy Jet and various sections like business environment, PESTEL, Porters Five Forces and other relevant theories which were used in the project. Findings from the Report Based on the project made on Easy Jet, I have found that Easy Jet is regarded as a low-cost operator and is performing well in Europe. It operates internationally and also in a domestic airline market. It aims to becomes the best and the cheapest airline operator in the world. The airline faces tough challenges from its competitors such as Ryanair, British Airlines an d others. One great impact which I have noticed is that with the coming up of low-cost airlines, travellers prefer to travel by air rather than by bus, train or other means of transport. However, it should also be noted that along with low prices the airline should also be able to provide a level of comfort for the passengers so that the passengers feel comfortable while travelling, and I think the airline will be able to retain its customers in a positive way. I have analysed the business environment with the help of tools like PESTEL analysis, SWOT Analysis, Porters Five Forces along with operational management, supply chain and micro economic factors. In the process of using Porter’s Five Forces – a tool taking into consideration five important forces and helping determine the level of attractiveness in a particular industry – it was learned that the airline industry cannot be considered to be attractive because of the many unfavourable economic conditions pr evailing in the airline industry. The cost of entering is high and maintenance of airline is also a costly affair (on the other hand, it reduces the threat from new entrants in the airline industry). The bargaining power of buyers has the potential to result in a threat because of the competitive price offered by other airlines. It has also been seen that a threat of substitute is pretty high, as with the existence of other transport means such as buses, trains, cars, etc, passengers prefer to travel rather than to spend almost the same or a slightly higher amount on more expensive means of transport. Reflective Statement While conducting the analysis, I have learned that the above tools form an integral part of any analysis and have helped me understand the impact of various factors on the organisation. The first framework which I have used to analyse the airline industry is PESTEL analysis; this is because PESTEL takes into account the industry as a whole and analyzes political fa ctors which might impact the industry, as well as economic, social, technological, environmental and, lastly, legal factors. Why PESTEL Analysis? PESTEL gives an overview of the industry and is necessary to conduct, as it helps organisation to take the advantage of the opportunities; it also has the potential to minimise the threats. In the process of conducting the project, I have understood that PESTEL analysis can be carried out in relation to any form of business and industry, and it is one of the most important tools through which the companies evaluate the external environment and make necessary changes to fit the competitive environment and to survive in it.

The merits and draw backs of utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

The merits and draw backs of utilitarianism Essay What is utilitarianism? The greatest good of the greatest number. Simple. Or is it? In any real situation, there are many people involved; they will all be affected in different ways; there is no reason why the greatest number should receive the greatest good. What is usually meant in practice by that slogan is something like the following procedure for choosing between two or more actions. 1. Look at the state of life after each action. Look in particular at the level of happiness of each person in the various situations. 2. Add up, somehow, those levels of happiness in each case. 3. Compare the results. The one, which leads to the maximum total happiness, is the (morally) right one. The thing to notice about this is that it actually involves a lot of quite separate principles. I think it is fair to say that they are all part of the idea of utilitarianism. Someone who accepts some of them but not others may reasonably be called a utilitarian, even if they would see the procedure above as a vague outline. * Actions, as such, have no moral value. What matters is their effect on the state of the world. * In fact, the only aspect of the state of the world that has any direct moral significance is the happiness or misery of people. * In particular, only individuals matter. The only relevance of the state of a family is the effect it has on the individuals. * All people are, ethically speaking, equal, in all situations. One persons happiness is precisely as important as anothers. * It is possible to measure happiness, in the required sense, on some sort of linear scale. * It is possible to add up different peoples degrees of happiness, producing a meaningful total happiness. There is at least one important issue, which I havent addressed so far: You have to consider the entire future of the universe in order to make your decision. I shall consider the practical difficulties of this later; there is also a theoretical issue: we are presumably required to add up the total amount of happiness in a persons entire lifetime. So we need some sort of calculus for happiness! Utilitarianism has the awkward property of seeming entirely obvious to its proponents, and clearly wrong to its opponents. There are no ethical first principles, which are agreed on by everyone. On the other hand, there is a striking level of agreement about what is actually right and wrong. Of course, there are disagreements. But there is something pretty close to an agreement that (in most cases) murder, lying, rape and theft are bad, and that (in most cases) generosity, healing, truthfulness and loyalty are good. One obvious thing that these points have in common is that most of the universally agreed good things make people happy, and most of the universally agreed bad things make people sad. Furthermore, the actions usually reckoned to be the worst are often the ones that cause the most suffering. Rape, for instance, which causes lasting psychological trauma as well as involving physical injury, is generally reckoned to be morally much worse than theft. So, utilitarianism seems to do a pretty good job of giving the right answers. It seems clear to me that, all else being equal, something that makes me happy is better than something which doesnt. After all, thats one way in which I make decisions (although I wouldnt in such cases call them moral decisions). Since it seems plausible that all people are ethically equal, this means that anything that makes anyone happy is better than something which does not. This seems to lead naturally to something very like utilitarianism. However, what Ive explained as utilitarianism has a terrible problem: it does not support ethical points in certain cases. For instance, suppose that I could, by putting my grandmother through tortures, relieve a large number of people from one minutes toothache. No matter how small the amount of suffering from which each person is lifted of, and no matter how great the amount I cause to my grandmother, if the number of people is large enough then the total amount of suffering in the world will be decreased in this manner. Therefore I ought to torture my grandmother. This seems to me, unacceptable. This I see as a major weakness in utilitarianism. Of course, there are ways round this problem. For instance, we could model happiness and misery with a number system, containing values higher and lower in the sense that no multiple of one was as big as the other. So, we can get around that particular problem. But, there are others, though I wouldnt claim any of them as an actual rejection of utilitarianism. I shall take the utilitarian principles I listed above, and describe some objections to them. * Actions, as such, have no moral value. What matters is their effect on the state of the world. Is this really convincing? It doesnt seem so to me. If I kill someone, isnt there something very bad about that, even if the killing turns out to be right in terms of maximising utility? I think most people would agree that a killing of this sort would be evil. In fact, the only aspect of life that has any direct moral significance is the happiness or misery of people. Suppose I tell a lie about you to a friend of mine, who has never had and never will have any sort of interaction with you, and swear him to secrecy, this makes no difference whatsoever to your future happiness. Does that make it OK? It seems clear to me that it doesnt. Isnt there, in fact, something basically good about truth and bad about falsehood? Suppose I get enormous satisfaction from causing you minor but genuine unpleasantness. Does that mean that its right for me to do so? * In particular, only individuals matter. The only relevance of the state of a family is the effect it has on the individuals. * All people are, ethically speaking, equal, in all situations. One persons happiness is precisely as important as anothers. What about criminals? If someone is in the process of raping your wife, do you really have to consider their well being as carefully as your wifes in deciding how to go about stopping them? * It is possible to measure happiness, in the required sense, on some sort of linear scale. * It is possible to add up different peoples degrees of happiness, producing a meaningful total happiness. Is it obvious that different sorts of happiness are not easy to measure? How do you compare, the contentment person A has from knowing that his money in the bank is earning him piles of interest for his retirement, the wonder person B feels on looking at the starry sky, the thrill person C has when listening to her favourite piece of music, person Ds enjoyment of an evening listening to a stand-up comic, and so on? And how do you weigh those up against person Ps toothache, person Qs unhappy marriage? I dont know thats for sure. Lets pretend that all those problems are resolved, and that I believe that utilitarianism is correct. I now have a decision to make; for instance, I have to decide whether to cycle home in the dark without lights or to be late home. This is a trivial example; it should be easy to work it out. Not easy at all. I have to work out the entire future of the whole universe, to work out exactly how happy each person is in each case and for how long, and add it all up. Good grief! In practice, what the utilitarian recommends is entirely different. I should make guesses as to the likely effects of the actions Im considering, estimate the ends levels of happiness, and do the best I can at adding them up in my head. Anything more is impossible, and in any case I cant be blamed for things I cant predict. Id now like to suggest that there are merits to utilitarianism, despite its drawbacks. The first point is one Ive made already: utilitarianism does a pretty good job of giving answers to ethical questions. Most of us are capable of guessing what will happen if and imagining others responses to situations. Also considering the greatest good of the greatest number can be an effective way of defeating prejudices and selfishness. This ethical harmony is, after all, quite close to such principles as Do to others as you would have them do to you and Love your neighbour as yourself. Lastly, I think any theory of ethics has to acknowledge that happiness and suffering are in themselves good and bad. This is why utilitarianism does as well as it does. But clearly happiness and suffering, pain and pleasure, arent the whole story.